长江三角洲南部地面沉降与地裂缝

过量开采地下水导致长江三角洲南部产生严重的地面沉降和地裂缝,造成巨大的经济损失。地面沉降和地裂缝的发生和发展在时空上与地下水开采具有密切联系,在地下水开采高峰期,地面沉降速率明显增加,在地下水位稳定期和回升期,地面沉降速率显著减小,甚至出现少量回弹。平面上,地面沉降分布形态与主采层地下水位分布形态具有很强的关联性;垂向上,地面沉降分布形态与沉降层、主采层及土层的厚度、压缩性等有关,弱透水层和含水层都可能成为主要沉降层。开采地下水条件下土层的变形与其经历的地下水位变化过程有关,不仅弱透水层存在塑性和粘塑性变形,在一定水位变化条件下含水砂层也存在塑性和粘塑性变形。地面沉降是地表下所有受影响土层的变形之和,为了控制地面沉降和地裂缝的发展,应限制地下水的开采量,尤其是避免出现地下水位低于土层历史上曾经达到的最低水位。     

海洋生态重要性区域的内涵与识别方法研究——以黄河口为例

海洋生态环境目前正在承受来自人类活动和气候变化的巨大压力;急需必要的管理工具或决策支持系统来应对这些压力所带来的生态环境问题。对海洋生境的分类识别是开展生物多样性保护的基础和前提;海洋生态重要区识别作为一种客观、科学和灵活的生境分类评估和选划方法;已被科学界和管理者广泛接受和认可。本文首先介绍了海洋生态重要区的概念内涵以及识别方法的研究进展;给出了海洋生态重要区的定义;之后以黄河口为例;初步建立了针对该区域的生态重要区识别标准和评价方法;对黄河口及邻近海区进行了生态重要性等级划分。本文是对生态重要区识别方法在我国近海的首次应用尝试;研究结果可为我国基于生态系统的海洋管理提供科学方法和工具;也可为其他区域的研究提供借鉴。     

大连蜈蚣藻孢子发育及生活史的研究

在实验室条件下,对大连蜈蚣藻(Grateloupia dalianensis H.W.Wang et D.Zhao)的孢子早期发育、盘状体的形成和直立枝生长进行了详细研究,对其生活史进行了详细观察,并进行了温度和光照强度对孢子发育影响的研究。结果表明:(1)孢子发育类型为间接盘状体型;(2)生活史由雌、雄配子体、四分孢子体和果孢子体三相世代组成,配子体与孢子体形态相同,属于同型世代交替,与属模蜈蚣藻(G.filicina)一致;(3)温度对盘状体和直立枝生长均有影响,最适温度均为16℃;(4)光照强度对盘状体和直立枝生长均有影响,最适光照强度分别为7 500 lx和10 000 lx。     

基于锦州湾围填海的海岸线演变分析

自20世纪70年代以来,锦州湾附近海域实施大量填海造陆工程,在促进经济发展的同时也对生态环境造成不良影响,有必要对锦州湾附近海域的围填海状况进行连续监测。文章以5个时相的Landsat TM遥感影像作为主要数据,利用RS和GIS技术手段进行锦州湾附近海域海岸线的提取,系统分析锦州湾围填海海岸线的演进过程,并从海岸线长度和海岸线曲折度等方面对锦州湾围填海开发特点进行定量分析。     

长岛县南五岛土壤地球化学特征及环境质量评价

以长岛县南五岛土壤为研究对象,对区内土壤元素的含量特征进行分析,并对土壤环境质量进行评价。结果表明：研究区土壤平均含量与烟台市、山东省以及全国土壤平均水平相比,除CaO,Na2O,Hg,S,Se,P,F元素含量差异较明显,其他大部分元素含量相对稳定,元素含量的高低不仅与研究区背景条件有关,也与人类活动密切相关。研究区土壤环境质量整体较好,大部分区域属于清洁区和尚清洁区,仅城区局部受到一定程度的Cd,Hg,Zn污染。     

阳朔“西街现象”的形成机理分析——旅游地发展中的游客理性消费与政府“无为而治”

阳朔县作为中国最早对外开放旅游的县之一,其演化历程具有独特性和典型性。在旅游参与期曾出现过一段主客关系和谐、商业秩序与休闲氛围俱佳的“西街现象”,引起媒体和业界的广泛关注,尚缺乏学术层面的解读。本文采用实证归纳的案例研究方法,借鉴旅游治理和目的地发展的相关理论,分析了“西街现象”的形成过程与内在机理,得出以下结论和启示：在旅游发展初期,信息完全的理性旅游消费者的到来,有助于规范目的地的商业经营环境。市场与社区自下而上互动协商达成共识的秩序,促成激励诚信经营的非正式制度嵌入于人际网络和旅游交易的场域之中,政府顺应市场规律即能实现“无为而治”的良性发展状态。本文通过归纳以有预算的理性游客作为市场推动力所触发的旅游地的发展特点,部分回应消费转型背景下旅游市场理性回归后的可能影响。对现实的启发是,适当控制旅游发展的速度和规模,给予本地人成长的时间和空间,教育游客与提升政府监管力度双管齐下,建立规则在先,更利于目的地实现可持续性的发展。     

Effect of benzo[a]pyrene on detoxification and the activity of antioxidant enzymes of marine microalgae

The objective of this study was to examine the effect of benzo[a]pyrene(Ba P) on the detoxification and antioxidant systems of two microalgae,Isochrysis zhanjiangensis and Platymonas subcordiformis.In our study,these two algae were exposed to Ba P for 4 days at three different concentrations including 0.5 μg~(L-1)(low),3 μg~(L-1)(mid) and 18 μg~(L-1)(high).The activity of detoxification enzymes,ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase(EROD) and glutathione S-transferase(GST) increased in P.subcordiformis in all Ba P-treated groups.In I.zhanjiangensis,the activity of these two enzymes increased at the beginning of exposure,and then decreased in the groups treated with mid-and high Ba P.The activity of antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase(SOD) increased in I.zhanjiangensis in all Ba P-treated groups,and then decreased in high Ba P-treated group,while no significant change was observed in P.subcordiformis.The activity of antioxidant enzyme catalase(CAT) increased in I.zhanjiangensis and P.subcordiformis in all Ba Ptreated groups.The content of malondialdehyde(MDA) in Isochrysis zhanjiangensis increased first,and then decreased in high Ba P-treated group,while no change occurred in P.subcordiformis.These results demonstrated that Ba P significantly influenced the activity of detoxifying and antioxidant enzymes in microalgae.The metabolic related enzymes(EROD,GST and CAT) may serve as sensitive biomarkers of measuring the contamination level of Ba P in marine water.     

Depth classification of underwater targets based on complex acoustic intensity of normal modes

In order to solve the problem of depth classification of the underwater target in a very low frequency acoustic field, the active component of cross spectra of particle pressure and horizontal velocity (ACCSPPHV) is adopted to distinguish the surface vessel and the underwater target. According to the effective depth of a Pekeris waveguide, the placing depth forecasting equations of passive vertical double vector hydrophones are proposed. Numerical examples show that when the sum of depths of two hydrophones is the effective depth, the sign distribution of ACCSPPHV has nothing to do with horizontal distance; in addition, the sum of the first critical surface and the second critical surface is equal to the effective depth. By setting the first critical surface less than the difference between the effective water depth and the actual water depth, that is, the second critical surface is greater than the actual depth, the three positive and negative regions of the whole ocean volume are equivalent to two positive and negative regions and therefore the depth classification of the underwater target is obtained. Besides, when the 20 m water depth is taken as the first critical surface in the simulation of underwater targets (40 Hz, 50 Hz, and 60 Hz respectively), the effectiveness of the algorithm and the correctness of relevant conclusions are verified, and the analysis of the corresponding forecasting performance is conducted.     

Numerical Studies on Piled Gravity Base Foundation for Offshore Wind Turbine

This study aims to investigate a hybrid gravity base foundation to support offshore wind tower. A new hybrid gravity base foundation considered in this study has five component piles, referred to as ‘piled gravity base foundation’. The three-dimensional finite element analyses were carried out for the piled gravity base foundation subjected to a combined load with a lateral load and overturning moment. The parametric analyses were undertaken varying the loading height and direction, the rigidity of the piled gravity base foundation, the field soil layers, and the clay strength. Overall, the response of the piled gravity base foundation was significantly influenced by the interaction between the cone base piles and the surrounding soil. The increased strength of the soil led to a significant reduction of the pile and gravity base foundation responses, in terms of the bending moments, axial forces, lateral displacements, and rotations.     

Theoretical calculation of equilibrium Mg isotope fractionation between silicate melt and its vapor

Isotope fractionation during the evaporation of silicate melt and condensation of vapor has been widely used to explain various isotope signals observed in lunar soils, cosmic spherules, calcium–aluminum-rich inclusions, and bulk compositions of planetary materials. During evaporation and condensation, the equilibrium isotope fractionation factor (α) between high-temperature silicate melt and vapor is a fundamental parameter that can constrain the melt’s isotopic compositions. However, equilibrium α is difficult to calibrate experimentally. Here we used Mg as an example and calculated equilibrium Mg isotope fractionation in MgSiO₃ and Mg₂SiO₄ melt–vapor systems based on first-principles molecular dynamics and the high-temperature approximation of the Bigeleisen–Mayer equation. We found that, at 2500 K, δ²⁵Mg values in the MgSiO₃ and Mg₂SiO₄ melts were 0.141?±?0.004 and 0.143?±?0.003‰ more positive than in their respective vapors. The corresponding δ²⁶Mg values were 0.270?±?0.008 and 0.274?±?0.006‰ more positive than in vapors, respectively. The general \(\alpha - T\) equations describing the equilibrium Mg α in MgSiO₃ and Mg₂SiO₄ melt–vapor systems were: \(\alpha_{{{\text{Mg}}\left( {\text{l}} \right) - {\text{Mg}}\left( {\text{g}} \right)}} = 1 + \frac{{5.264 \times 10^{5} }}{{T^{2} }}\left( {\frac{1}{m} - \frac{1}{{m^{\prime}}}} \right)\) and \(\alpha_{{{\text{Mg}}\left( {\text{l}} \right) - {\text{Mg}}\left( {\text{g}} \right)}} = 1 + \frac{{5.340 \times 10^{5} }}{{T^{2} }}\left( {\frac{1}{m} - \frac{1}{{m^{\prime}}}} \right)\), respectively, where m is the mass of light isotope ²⁴Mg and m′ is the mass of the heavier isotope, ²⁵Mg or ²⁶Mg. These results offer a necessary parameter for mechanistic understanding of Mg isotope fractionation during evaporation and condensation that commonly occurs during the early stages of planetary formation and evolution.