黑龙江省冷害与全球变暖对水稻产量的影响(英文)

This study is focused on indexes for the rice chilling injury in Heilongjiang Province during 1960-2009. Firstly, we compared a new derived climate data weighted by rice planting density with the traditional method, and found that the new one is more reasonable to assess the impact of climate change on crop yields. Considering the frequency and intensity of rice chilling in the province, secondly, chilling indexes defined by meteorological, national and international levels were assessed. The result showed that the meteorological standards were suitable for the delayed-type injury, while the international one, so-called sum of Grow-ing Degree Day below threshold (GDDn-), characterized best the sterile-type chilling injury for rice. The explanation ability of the rice yield time series model including both injury types as two independent variables reached approximately 92% (p < 0.05). Finally, we concluded that the contribution rates of human and weather factors to rice yields are about 87.2% and 12.8% respectively, and as light increasing trend for sterile-type chilling injury was found during heading to flowing period in recent years, indicating a high chilling risk for rice planting in Heilongjiang Province in the future global warming.     

黑龙江省冷害对水稻产量的影响

以黑龙江省为例, 比较了在大尺度范围内、利用传统的站点平均法以及基于格点水稻密度分布的泰森多边形面积权重法所得的两种省级水稻气象数据差异, 并分析了1960-2009 年内, 不同时间尺度上温度和降水的变化趋势特点。针对当地水稻低温冷害频发及其危害严重的实际情况, 对比研究了气象行业标准(QX/T 101-2009) 和国家标准中有关低温冷害的指标定义, 以及国际上较通用的有效负积温算法(GDD_n-) 这三种指标在反映黑龙江省水稻冷害事件上的能力, 结果表明:气象行业标准可以较好地反映延期型冷害对水稻的影响, 而GDD指标在反映障碍型冷害上均优于气象行业及国家标准。利用时间序列模型对包含延迟型和障碍型两种冷害影响的黑龙江省水稻产量进行拟合, 回归方程的解释能力可达92% (p < 0.05)。本研究定量得出了人为因素和气象因素对黑龙江省水稻生产的影响分别占87.2%和12.8%的结论, 并检测出近年来水稻抽穗开花期障碍型冷害的波动增加趋势, 为明确今后低温冷害的防御重点提供科学参考。     

一种粒子概率假设密度的模糊关联方法

为了解决目标数未知情况下的多目标跟踪问题,本文研究基于粒子概率假设密度滤波器(PF-PHDF)的多目标跟踪系统。针对PF-PHDF的局限性,提出一种基于随机有限集理论的模糊关联方法。该方法首先利用粒子滤波的方法估计多目标组成的随机有限集合,并用模糊C-均值聚类算法给出多目标的状态估计值和目标的个数;然后利用模糊关联算法对PF-PHDF所得到的目标状态集合进行检测和关联,有效解决了PF-PHDF无法得到目标的运动轨迹,也不能确定目标的身份的弊端;最后通过建立临时航迹滤掉了多余的杂波点并给出各个目标的运动轨迹。实验结果表明:本文方法不但能够给出各个目标的运动轨迹,而且还能提高多目标跟踪的精度。     

河南灵宝樊岔金矿床成矿流体和同位素地球化学研究

樊岔金矿床位于小秦岭金矿田的娘娘山岩体西南侧,受观音堂剪切带控制,赋矿围岩为太华超群变质岩。根据矿物组合特征和脉体穿插关系,成矿可分为早、中、晚3个阶段,分别以石英+钾长石±黄铁矿、石英+多金属硫化物、石英+方解石±黄铁矿为标志,以中阶段矿化最为重要。热液石英发育纯CO2包裹体(PC型)、CO2-H2O包裹体(C型)、水溶液包裹体(W型)和含子晶多相包裹体(S型)。早阶段流体包裹体主要为C型,次为PC型及少量的W型和S型包裹体,均一温度的峰值为340～360℃,盐度w(NaCleq)峰值为14.0%～16.0%。与早阶段相比,中阶段PC型、C型包裹体数量减少,W型、S型包裹体数量增多,均一温度峰值为320～340℃,盐度w(NaCleq)峰值为12.0%～14.0%。晚阶段只发育W型包裹体,均一温度峰值为180～200℃,盐度w(NaCleq)峰值为2.0%～4.0%。激光拉曼探针显示早阶段流体包裹体富含CO2和CH4,中阶段包裹体中仅富含CO2,而晚阶段包裹体中不含CO2或CH4。结合氢、氧同位素研究,认为樊岔金矿床成矿流体由早阶段中温、中低盐度、富含CO2和CH4的变质热液逐渐向晚阶段低温、低盐度、贫CO2的大气降水热液演化,沸腾作用和混合作用是其主要演化机制。根据沸腾包裹体计算得出早阶段和中阶段包裹体的捕获压力分别介于108～295 MPa和97～261 MPa之间,对应的成矿深度分别约为10.8 km和9.7 km。矿石硫、铅同位素研究表明,成矿物质主要来自太华超群围岩而非燕山期岩浆。综合上述区域地质、矿床地质、包裹体和同位素地球化学资料,樊岔金矿床应是形成于侏罗纪—早白垩世华北与扬子大陆碰撞造山过程挤压向伸展转变体制的造山型金矿床。     

拉萨盆地曲水-夺底剖面大地电磁测深研究

通过对拉萨盆地曲水-夺底大地电磁测深剖面的研究,揭示了拉萨盆地深部地质构造特征.上地壳广泛分布花岗岩体,莫霍面深度大约70 km.壳内发育一个高导层,其顶界面埋深呈现南深北浅特点,厚度大约20～30 km,桑达附近存在一条深大断裂.     

原位杂交结合半薄切片对石鳖贝壳发育相关细胞的观察研究

多板纲软体动物(石鳖)生有8片重复排列的贝壳,与其他类群如腹足类、双壳类等有显著的区别,这些差异蕴含着重要的发育和演化意义。前期研究发现,红条毛肤石鳖(Acanthochitona rubrolineata)幼虫贝壳发育组织的细胞排列欠规则,在普通显微镜下不易识别单个细胞结构。本研究首先利用整装原位杂交手段鉴定出一些参与贝壳发育的细胞群体,发现表达engrailed的细胞分布于贝壳发育区中央区域的突起部位(脊)和边缘区域,其中脊区域的表达呈条纹状,边缘区域的表达则与贝壳发育区的外周吻合,但是对这些细胞的形态和排列模式等细节无法开展深入观察。接下来对石鳖幼虫进行了半薄切片,发现可以识别出壳板发育区细胞及脊细胞的大致轮廓和分布模式,但分辨率仍然受限。为了进一步提升分辨能力,结合了整装原位杂交实验及半薄切片技术,对表达engrailed基因的贝壳发育相关细胞开展了观察研究。结果显示,对整装原位杂交后的幼虫进行半薄切片,组织细胞结构保持完整,细胞轮廓清晰,能够清楚区分engrailed阳性细胞。观察表明,这些细胞具有较高的核质比,总体呈V形排列,且贝壳发育区中央部位与边缘部位的engraile...     

Mafic rocks in a deep-crustal segment of the Variscides (the Góry Sowie, SW Poland): evidence for crustal contamination in an extensional setting

Coronitic metagabbronorites (so-called hyperites) and metabasites occur within gneisses, migmatites and minor granulites in the high-grade metamorphic Góry Sowie Block in the Sudetes (SW Poland). Incompatible trace-element and )Nd data, combined with field and petrographic evidence, suggest that three groups may be distinguished: (1) "enriched" amphibolites (Zr/Nb ca. 8, )Nd₅₀₀ +1 - +2.5), (2) "depleted" amphibolites (Zr/Nb >30, )Nd₅₀₀ +5 - +6), and (3) metagabbronorites (Zr/Nb 13-19, )Nd₅₀₀ scattered between +5.3 and -1). These characteristics favour an extensional within-plate setting, consistent with their field occurrence as small bodies scattered within metasedimentary and felsic metaigneous gneisses. In that setting, enriched mantle sources were partially melted to produce a range of basic magmas, showing affinities with continental tholeiites (within plate-type basalts). Presumably, in a more advanced stage of rifting, more depleted varieties, transitional to N-MORB, were emplaced. These mafic magmas were variably contaminated during their ascent in the crust. The metagabbronorites, with their well-preserved igneous textures, were previously interpreted as having been intruded after the main deformation and after the peak of amphibolite facies metamorphism (some authors suggesting a relation to the "circum Góry Sowie ophiolites"). However, the geochemical characteristics and P-T estimates suggest that the metagabbronorites are unrelated to the ophiolitic gabbros found in the neighbourhood of the Góry Sowie Block and, in contrast to them, have experienced a complex, polybaric P-T path.     

Microgranular enclaves as evidence of rapid cooling in granitoid rocks: the case of the Los Pedroches granodiorite,Iberian Massif,Spain

Microgranular enclaves from the Los Pedroches granodiorite (LPG) (Los Pedroches Batholith, Iberian Massif, Spain) have Sr-Nd isotopic and mineral chemical compositions close to those of their host. This similarity is not related to restite unmixing, as indicated by the igneous textures of the enclaves. A number of other geological and geochemical lines of evidence, including the high REE and HFSE contents of the microgranular enclaves relative to the host granitoid, strongly suggest that this similarity cannot be explained by magma mixing. Alternatively, a crystallization process by rapid cooling within the host granitoid magma could explain the geochemical and textural characteristics of the microgranular enclaves, including shape, grain size, mineralogy, texture, chemistry and Sr-Nd isotopic composition. Such a crystallization occurred at the walls of the magma conduits through which the granitic magmas were emplaced in the upper crust. This process should be considered as an alternative hypothesis to magma mixing for the generation of some microgranular enclaves, especially where no direct evidence exists for the presence of basic magmas coeval with granitoids, and where there is a lack of isotopic contrast between hosts and enclaves. As the process is favoured by feeder-dyke related emplacement, we suggest that abundance of microgranular enclaves can be related to the mechanism of emplacement of granitoid bodies.This revised version was published online in March 2005 with corrections to the accepted date.

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Early Palaeozoic crustal melting in an extensional setting: petrological and Sm–Nd evidence from the Izera granite-gneisses, Polish Sudetes

The Izera Block in the West Sudetes, which is composed of granites, gneisses (and transitional granite-gneisses) and minor mica schists, is one of the largest outcrops of Early Palaeozoic (ca. 500 Ma) metagranitoid rocks in the basement units of the Variscides of Central Europe. The Izera granites show S-type features: magmatic cordierite, relict garnet and sillimanite, lack of mafic enclaves, and absence of coexisting tonalites and diorites. The paucity of pegmatites indicates that the granitic magma was relatively dry. The S-type character of these granites is further supported by their peraluminous character (A/CNK 1.0–1.63), high content of normative corundum (up to 3.5%) and relatively high ⁸⁷Sr /⁸⁶Sr initial ratio. The chemical variation of these rocks was controlled by the fractional crystallization of plagioclase (CaO, Sr, Eu/Eu*), biotite and cordierite (Al₂O₃, MgO, FeO), zircon (Zr, Hf) and monazite (REE). Initial Nd values range from –5.2 to –6.9 (mean: –5.9, SD=0.6). These largely negative Nd values imply that the granitic magmas emplaced ca. 500 Ma were extracted from a source reservoir that was strongly enriched in LREE (i.e., with low Sm/Nd ratio) on a time-integrated basis. The relatively consistent depleted mantle model ages (1,730–2,175 Ma; mean: 1,890 Ma) is in agreement with the earlier reported presence of ca. 2.1 Ga old inherited Pb component in zircon from the closely related Rumburk granite. This points to an old (Early Proterozoic) crustal residence age of the inferred metasedimentary protoliths of the Izera granitoids, with only minor contribution to their protoliths of juvenile components of Late Proterozoic/Early Palaeozoic age. Although the Izera granites show some trace element features reminiscent of syn-collisional or post-collisional granitoids, they more likely belong to the broad anorogenic class. Our data corroborate some previous interpretations that granite generation was connected with the Early Palaeozoic rifting of the passive margin of the Saxothuringian block, well documented in the region by bimodal volcanic suites of similar age (Kaczawa Unit, eastern and southern envelope of the Karkonosze–Izera Block). In this scenario, granite magmatism and bimodal volcanism would represent two broadly concomitant effects of a single major event of lithospheric break-up at the northern edge of Gondwana.     

GRACE离散时变重力场的大尺度动态变化模型构建分析

针对GRACE月时变重力场的离散球谐系数,提出联合经验正交函数分解和多通道奇异谱分析的方法,在有效实现空间维数压缩和条带噪声去除的同时,提取、分析其动态变化特征并构建相应的变化模型。结果表明,GRACE离散球谐系数存在显著的周年项和长期趋势项变化成分,其中,周年项模态的方差贡献达到50.6%,扣除周年项成分后长期趋势项的累积方差贡献达到77.4%。以长期趋势项和周年项成分构建的非线性模型能较好地反映离散球谐系数及其反演结果的动态变化特征,其对全球陆表等效水柱高的拟合标准差介于0.3~14.0 cm,平均标准差为1.8 cm。研究结果可为分析地球重力场各参量变化特征及地球动力学变化提供重要参考。