The effect of annealing on the luminescence decay-time of synthetic calcite:Mn

Calcite was synthesized by four methods, and the luminescence decay-time was measured for nine samples before and after heating hydrothermally in the temperature range 200–400°C. Decay-time data were collected between room temperature and approximately 15 K. The decay time at room temperature is approximately 50 ms, with little difference between a given calcite before and after hydrothermal treatment. The decay time at 15 K is always greater than at room temperature as the effect of thermal quenching diminishes. Differences in decay time before and after heating are more apparent at low temperature owing to this reduction in thermal quenching. The decay time decreased significantly in two samples, and an increase in decay time was observed in the remaining seven samples following heating. Among the latter group, the change in decay time was insignificant in three samples. The results are compared with previous data in which it was shown that the effect of heating is to increase the intensity of luminescence.     

Citizens as sensors: the world of volunteered geography

In recent months there has been an explosion of interest in using the Web to create, assemble, and disseminate geographic information provided voluntarily by individuals. Sites such as Wikimapia and OpenStreetMap are empowering citizens to create a global patchwork of geographic information, while Google Earth and other virtual globes are encouraging volunteers to develop interesting applications using their own data. I review this phenomenon, and examine associated issues: what drives people to do this, how accurate are the results, will they threaten individual privacy, and how can they augment more conventional sources? I compare this new phenomenon to more traditional citizen science and the role of the amateur in geographic observation.     

湘黔地区震旦纪菌藻硅质岩特征及形成机理探讨

湘黔地区震旦纪菌藻硅质岩化学成分纯净,硅质矿物含量95%以上,几乎都为泥晶—微晶石英,石英结晶度平均为6.35。岩石具菌藻生物结构,以纹层状构造为主。其中丰富的菌藻生物化石,按形态可划分为三种类型。岩石属原生沉积成因,二氧化硅的聚沉一方面通过菌藻有机体的硅化作用,另一方面是菌藻生物化学作用引起微环境变化而导致二氧化硅的聚沉。     

基于化学热力学的饱和指数模型求解方法的改进

饱和指数SI是反映水环境中矿物溶解/沉淀状态的重要参数,而水溶液中络合物的存在对SI值有很大的影响,因此正确计算络合物的含量,可提高水-岩作用SI模型的计算精度。依据化学热力学的基本理论,作者扩展了活度系数计算方程、优化了阀值的选取、并改进了输出结果。结合某工程实例,与传统算法做了比较,证明该模型的算法具有更好的稳定性和计算精度,结果亦与实际情况更相符。     

云南锅底塘东邻唐家坝组＼“大老堡组”界线层型

“云南麻栗坡地区矿产远景调查”及与之匹配的“越北古陆北缘地质构造演化及其成矿效应研究”中,经实测剖面和填图扫面,以“岩石地层单位填图”的要义比照,测区晚寒武世及相涉延及早奥陶世早期的岩石地层单位序列宜为：唐家坝组＼“大老堡组”＼博菜田组。其中,“大老堡组”为新拟建增设单位,也导致相关临叠地层单位现在定义和分割界面的更新。介绍唐家坝组＼“大老堡组”界线层型及其层型界面所反映的沉积环境转换面属性,上、下邻叠岩层联合构成的标志层组合,是融地层学、沉积学为一体“’的优化挟择。     

我国科学数据共享现状的调查

本文是科学数据共享政策法规体系研究系列文章的收笔之作.撰写本文的目的,就是为说明科学数据共享政策法规体系的研究是建立在大量的基础调研之上.调查研究是谋事之基、成事之道.从实践中寻求解决现实问题的方法,才能制定出切实可行的政策、法规,调查研究是制定政策、法规的客观依据.为使制订政策、 规章制度适应社会经济发展和变化的新情况,就深入开展调查研究,认真听取各方面的意见,深入研究相应的管理规律和运行机制.本文详述了调查过程、调查方法,以佐证政策法规研究不能脱离实际.     

有机蒙脱石层间微结构的分子模拟

采用分子动力学模拟方法,对舍烷基长链阳离子表面活性剂改性有机蒙脱石的层间域内分子环境及烷基长链排列状况进行模拟研究,并考察改性剂负载量与层间域含水量的改变对烷基链排列方式和活动性以及表面活性剂离子中N,C原子的分布状况的影响.1.0倍阳离子交换容量改性的有机蒙脱石在含少量水的情况下(干态),N,C原子均呈双层分布,表明烷基长链为双层平卧排列.含水量的提高(湿态)会导致烷基链从双层分布向在层闻域内均匀分布转变.2.0倍阳离子交换容量改性的有机蒙脱石在舍少量水的情况下(干态),烷基链呈双层倾斜分布于层间域内,烷基链的头部靠近四面体片层.含水量的提高(湿态)对烷基链在层间域内分布状态影响有限,但会导致烷基链整体向层间域中心平面移动,水分子优先占据靠近四面体片层的位置.     

Chemical composition of rock-forming minerals and crystallization physicochemical conditions of the Middle Eocene I-type Haji Abad pluton,SW Buin-Zahra,Iran

The Haji Abad intrusion is a well-exposed Middle Eocene I-type granodioritc pluton in the Urumieh–Dokhtar magmatic assemblage (UDMA). The major constituents of the investigated rocks are K-feldspar, quartz, plagioclase, pyroxene, and minor Fe–Ti oxide and hornblende. The plagioclase compositions fall in the labradorite, andesine, and oligoclase fields. The amphiboles range in composition from magnesio-hornblende to tremolite–hornblende of the calcic-amphibole group. Most pyroxenes principally plot in the field of diopside. The calculated average pressure of emplacement is 1.9 kbar for the granodioritic rocks, crystallizing at depths of about 6.7 km. The highest pressure estimated from clinopyroxene geobarometry (5 kbar) reflects initial pyroxene crystallization pressure, indicating initial crystallization depth (17.5 km) in the Haji Abad granodiorite. The estimated temperatures using two-feldspar thermometry give an average 724 °C. The calculated average temperature for clinopyroxene crystallization is 1090 °C. The pyroxene temperatures are higher than the estimated temperature by feldspar thermometry, indicating that the pyroxene and feldspar temperatures represent the first and late stages of magmatic crystallization of Haji Abad granodiorite, respectively. Most pyroxenes plot above the line of Fe³⁺?=?0, indicating they crystallized under relatively high oxygen fugacity or oxidized conditions. Furthermore, the results show that the Middle Eocene granitoids crystallized from magmas with H₂O content about 3.2 wt%. The relatively high water content is consistent with the generation environment of HAG rocks in an active continental margin and has allowed the magma to reach shallower crustal levels. The MMEs with ellipsoidal and spherical shapes show igneous microgranular textures and chilled margins, probably indicating the presence of magma mixing. Besides, core to rim compositional oscillations (An and FeO) for the plagioclase crystals serve as robust evidence to support magma mixing. The studied amphiboles and pyroxenes are grouped in the subalkaline fields that are consistent with crystallization from I-type calc-alkaine magma in the subduction environment related to active continental margin. Mineral chemistry data indicate that Haji Abad granodiorites were generated in an orogenic belt related to the volcanic arc setting consistent with the subduction of Neo-Tethyan oceanic crust beneath the central Iranian microcontinent.     

Raman spectroscopic study of K-lingunite at various pressures and temperatures

K-lingunite is a high-pressure modification of K-feldspar that possesses the tetragonal hollandite structure. Variations of the Raman spectra of K-lingunite were studied up to ~31.5 GPa at room temperature, and in the range 79–823 K at atmospheric pressure. The Raman frequencies of all bands were observed to increase with increasing pressure, and decrease with increasing temperature for K-lingunite. This behavior is in line with those observed for most of other materials. New sharp Raman bands appear at pressures greater than 13–15 GPa, suggesting a phase transition in K-lingunite with increasing pressure. The transition is reversible when pressure was released. The appearance of these new Raman bands may correspond to the phase transition revealed earlier at around 20 GPa by X-ray diffraction studies. Instead of transforming back to its stable minerals, such as orthoclase, microcline or sanidine, K-lingunite became amorphous in the temperature range 803–823 K at atmospheric pressure.