Effect of streambed sediment on benthic ecology

Benthic macroinvertebrates have been commonly used as indicator species for assessment of aquatic ecology. Streambed sediment, or substrate, plays an important role in habitat conditions for macroinvertebrate communities. Field investigations were done to study the benthic diversity and macroinvertebrate compositions in various stream substrata. Sampling sites with different bed sediment, latitude, and climate were selected along the Yangtze River, the Yellow River, the East River, and the Juma River, in China. The results show that benthic community structures found in different substrata clearly differ, while those found in substrata of similar composition and flow conditions but in different macroclimates are similar. The study, thus, demonstrates that the benthic macroinvertebrate community is mainly affected by substrate composition and flow conditions, but is generally unaffected by latitudinal position and macroclimate. Taxa richness of the maeroinvertebrate community was found to be the highest on hydrophyte-covered cobbles, high on moss-covered bedrock, and low on clay beds and cobble beds devoid of plant biomass. Sandy beds are compact and unstable, thus, no benthic macroinvertebrates were found colonizing such substrata. Aquatic insects account for most of the macroinvertebrates collected in these rivers. Different insects dominate in different types of substrata： mainly EPT species （Ephemeroptera, Ptecoptera, Tfichoptera） in cobble, gravel, and moss-covered bedrock; and Chironomidae larvae in clay beds. The relation between the number of species in the samples and the size of the sampling area fits a power function of the species area. One square meter （lm） is suggested as the minimum sampling area. A substrate suitability index is proposed by integrating the suitability of sediment, periphyton, and benthic organic materials for macroinvertebrates. The biodiversity of macroinvertebrates increases linearly with the substrate suitability index. Benthic taxa richness increases linearly with the suitability index.     

Effects of vegetation on flow conveyance and sediment transport capacity

In-stream and riparian vegetation may significantly affect flow and sediment transport in vegetated channels. A hydraulic model has been developed in this paper to compute the flow discharge in channels with rigid and flexible vegetation under emergent and submerged conditions. An empirical formula has also been presented to determine the bed-load discharge in vegetated channels. The model has been tested against experimental and field data available in the literature. The computed flow discharge and bed-load transport rate agree well with the measured data.     

软岩遇水软化的耗散结构形成机制

针对华南“红层”软岩遇水软化的复杂系统演化问题, 从其软化过程中是否形成耗散结构的思路出发, 研究了软岩系统非线性软化特征.结果表明: 软岩与水相互作用系统是一个开放的复杂系统, 在内部非线性作用下逐渐演化至非平衡状态, 其软化过程中可以形成有序的耗散结构.在此基础上, 采用耗散结构理论系统分析了软岩软化过程中耗散结构的形成机制: 软岩软化的过程经历了近平衡态、远离平衡自组织态与远离平衡临界态3个阶段, 并最终通过非平衡相变形成了具有一定稳定性的耗散结构.最后基于软岩软化过程中结构分维值演化规律, 初步建立了软岩耗散结构形成的分岔演化模型, 并将模型应用于软岩饱水软化试验的临界分岔现象分析中.分析表明软岩耗散结构是在系统经历多次倍周期分岔, 通过不断地从稳定到失稳再到稳定的过程后形成的.其中3个月与6个月这两个时间点具有显著的临界特征, 这是深入研究软岩软化耗散动力学过程的切入点.      

基于信息熵与多重分形理论的非均匀流动分析

根据粘土和壤土中非均匀水流运动的示踪试验, 研究了土壤水非均匀流动模式, 并基于信息熵与多重分形理论探讨了多孔介质中流动的非均匀性质.不同土质试验研究的分析结果表明, 各深度信息熵与特征长度具有相反的变化趋势.非均匀流动多重分形特性分析表明, 非均匀流动分布具有很强的自相似性, 但并不是在所有研究尺度范围内都满足标度不变性, 在显色比例相近的情况下, 壤土和粘土中水流运动标度不变性的范围表现出显著的差异.      

刚臂式单点系泊系统在波浪作用下的链力分析

第一个刚臂式单点系泊储油装置(SBS)于1974年在突尼斯建成,以后在各地又建成了很多个这类装置,据报导其使用效果是令人满意的^[1,2].为了发展我国海洋石油勘探、开发的科学技术,在海洋石油研究所的协助下,我们对这种系泊系统进行了波浪模型试验研究,本文在试验成果的基础上,主要研究单点浮筒多链系统的静力特性和波浪要素、水深等对链力的影响,还研究了减小中链力的措施.     

Permeability Heterogeneity in a Fractured Sandstone–Mudstone Rock Mass in Xiaolangdi Dam Site, Central China

Abstract: Heterogeneity of permeability in fractured media is a hot research topic in hydrogeology. Numerous approaches have been proposed to characterize heterogeneity in the last several decades. However, little attention has been paid to correlate permeability heterogeneity with geological information. In the present study, several causes of permeability heterogeneity, that is, lithology, tectonism, and depth, are identified. The unit absorption values (denoted as ω), which are results obtained from the packer test, are employed to represent permeability. The variability of permeability in sandstone–mudstone is so significant that the value of unit absorptions span 3–4 orders of magnitude at any depth with several test sections. By declustering, it has been found that under a similar tectonic history, the means of permeability differ greatly at different formations as a result of different mudrock contents. It has also been found that in the same formation, permeability can be significantly increased as a result of faulting. The well-known phenomenon, the decrease in permeability with depth, is found to be caused by the fractures in the rock mass, and the relationship between permeability and depth can be established in the form of logω–logd. After subtracting the trend of ω with absolute depth, the mean of the residual value at each relative depth can be well correlated with the distribution of mudstone. The methods proposed in this paper can be utilized to research in similar study areas.     

古城区隐蔽工程施工中的障碍物及其排除法

在古城区隐蔽工程施工中，常碰到一些不同类型和分布特点的地下障碍物，其可分为：浜填土中的石，砖，混凝土碎块；原建筑物的基础，地坪，杂填土；各种管线；木桩等。排除障碍物的方法主要为机械法，人工法及联合排障法。排除障碍物后，需回填处理后方可进行下道工序，通常使地下障碍物的情况下，合理安排施工顺序，有的放矢地使用排障方法，如在排除障碍物过程中发生了突发事件，一定要果断处理，保证工程顺利进行。