不同天气系统层状云微物理特征个例分析

利用PMS粒子测量系统和机载温湿仪观测获取的吉林省2007年5月15日高空槽和5月28日冷涡天气下降水云垂直探测资料,对比分析了两次不同天气系统下形成降水过程中云系的宏微观结构特征。结果发现,高空槽影响下的As云中云滴数浓度最大值比冷涡影响的As-Sc云系高一倍;液态水含量方面,高空槽系统下As云中在0℃附近取得最大值,冷涡系统下As-Sc云系中,最大值出现在上层As云中-4.8℃左右处。高空槽系统影响下的As云中,FSSP-100、2D-C和2D-P探测到的粒子数浓度、含水量和平均直径随高度呈不均匀性分布;而冷涡影响的As-Sc云中,FSSP-100测得As云中粒子平均直径远大于Sc,2D-C和2D-P探测到的上层As云中粒子浓度和液态含水量分布相对均匀,而下层Sc中粒子浓度、液态含水量值和平均直径都很小,这是由于云层之间存在干层,使As云中的部分大云滴和雨滴在下降过程中迅速蒸发,不利于降水形成。不同高度层FSSP-100测得的粒子平均谱分布均差异较大。对云中可播性进行研究,结果发现高空槽影响的As云中可播区均为强可播区,冷涡系统影响的As-Sc云中可播区的1/2为强可播区。     

温度平流在沙尘暴和大风天气预报中的差异分析

针对内蒙古沙尘暴天气中大气层结稳定度问题,选取了内蒙古强沙尘暴、大风(以大风为主部分地区伴有扬沙天气)两种天气过程,对冷空气活动的温度平流空间分布特征进行对比分析。分析结果表明:沙尘暴、大风天气都有较强的冷平流活动,但强冷平流的垂直分布明显不同,其对大气层结稳定度、温度垂直廓线、垂直运动分布有明显影响。沙尘暴天气强冷平流中心位于较高的700~600 hPa层次,其与近地层弱冷平流叠加,形成高低层温度平流差异,使得垂直气温直减率加大并保持这一趋势,形成有利于沙尘暴发生的深厚不稳定层结条件,在低层扰动的触发下形成干对流风暴,能量交换不稳定能量释放,使该层大气趋于中性层结即混合层,混合层是能量交换的一个平衡态;大风天气强冷平流中心位于较低的850 hPa以下层次,不利于形成不稳定层结条件。沙尘暴扬起的高度就是混合层厚度,比强冷平流中心位置高出150 hPa左右,强度达到—45×10~(-3)℃·s~(-1)以上的强冷平流中心在700~600 hPa层次时,混合层厚度可达到500 hPa以上层次,这一强度的沙尘暴天气可以影响到我国江南沿海地区。     

2008年1月欧亚阻塞形势的ECMWF集合预报效果评估检验

基于欧洲中期天气预报中心(European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts,ECMWF)集合预报系统资料,评估和讨论了2008年1月我国南方发生严重冰冻雨雪灾害期间欧亚中高纬阻塞形势的预报效果。结果表明,2008年1月阻塞形势发生频率极端偏高,ECMWF集合预报的阻塞发生频率随着预报时效的延长逐渐降低。环流预报效果检验表明,预报时效大于6 d时,集合平均的预报效果好于确定性预报,因此集合预报的优势主要体现在中期预报时段。对阻塞形势的可预报性的分析表明,阻塞崩溃期间的可预报性低于阻塞建立期间。另外,通过集合预报可以获得阻塞发生的概率,从而提前为预报员提供可能发生阻塞的信号。     

2012年7月12日鄂东北准静止中尺度对流系统分析

使用高空天气图、NCEP（National Centers for Environmental Prediction）再分析场、新-代天气雷达及地面观测资料分析了导致2012 年7 月12 日鄂东北强降水的准静止中尺度对流系统MCS（Mesoscale Convective System）的演变特征,解释了MCS 维持准静止状态的成因.南支槽、东北冷涡、副热带高压是MCS 形成的主要大尺度天气系统,MCS 形成于副高外围西南气流和冷涡高空槽底部之间,副高位置稳定和冷涡高空槽缓慢南压有利于MCS 稳定少动,且随南支槽加深西南急流的建立有利于持续向MCS 输送水汽和不稳定能量.MCS 表现为单个中α尺度对流云团,成熟时外形呈椭圆型,边缘光滑,亮温低值中心位于MCS 西侧,且有指状突起,亮温低值区域对应中β尺度对流回波带,强降水组合反射率因子为45～55 dBz,回波顶高18 km,中心高度低于6 km,MCS 维持准静止状态.强降水与MCS 亮温低值中心、强回波带相对应,降水效率高,持续时间长.中尺度分析表明,辐合线的维持是MCS 呈准静止状态的主要原因.地形阻挡产生的地面辐合线触发了初始对流,强降水在地面产生冷池、雷暴高压及弧状出流边界,出流边界上风速辐合较强且温度梯度较大区域又触发出新的对流,并在气压梯度力推动下向东南方向传播,抵消了环境风平流运动.MCS 低层主要有西南气流和西北气流,西北气流逐渐从MCS 后部进入,与西南气流形成辐合线,西南气流沿西北气流爬升产生对流,形成自东南向西北倾斜的中尺度锋面,地面出流边界和高空辐合线是中尺度锋面在风场的表现形式,对回波加强、维持有重要作用,且高空辐合线引起的后向传播也抵消了环境风平流运动.     

A study of transport and impact strength of Fukushima nuclear pollutants in the north pacific surface

Based on the statistics of surface drifter data of 1979–2011 and the simulation of nuclear pollutant particulate movements simulated using high quality ocean reanalysis surface current dataset, the transport pathways and impact strength of Fukushima nuclear pollutants in the North Pacific have been estimated. The particulates are used to increase the sampling size and enhance the representativeness of statistical results. The trajectories of the drifters and particulates are first examined to identify typical drifting pathways. The results show that there are three types of transport paths for nuclear pollutants at the surface: 1) most pollutant particles move eastward and are carried by the Kuroshio and Kuroshio-extension currents and reach the east side of the North Pacific after about 3.2–3.9 years; 2) some particles travel with the subtropical circulation branch and reach the east coast of China after about 1.6 years according to one drifter trajectory and about 3.6 years according to particulate trajectories; 3) a little of them travel with local, small scale circulations and reach the east coast of China after about 1.3–1.8 years. Based on the particulates, the impact strength of nuclear pollutants at these time scales can be estimated according to the temporal variations of relative concentration combined with the radioactive decay rate. For example, Cesium-137, carried by the strong North Pacific current, mainly accumulates in the eastern North Pacific and its impact strength is 4% of the initial level at the originating Fukushima area after 4 years. Due to local eddies, Cesium-137 in the western North Pacific is 1% of the initial pollutant level after 1.5 years and continuously increases to 3% after 4 years. The vertical movement of radioactive pollutants is not taken into account in the present study, and the estimation accuracy would be improved by considering three-dimensional flows.     

玲南金矿床矿体地质特征及深部资源前景

玲南金矿床位于玲珑金矿田内,由招远-平度断裂带北段的破头青断裂带控制,是一超大型的蚀变岩型金矿床。目前钻探控制最大深度接近2 000m,主矿体控制最大斜深约2 200m,矿体沿倾向仍未封闭,预测深部仍有较好的资源前景。     

梁山煤田高分辨率层序地层与聚煤规律研究

以高分辨率层序地层学原理为指导,通过对梁山煤田钻孔资料的分析和对比,将梁山煤田含煤地层划分为6个长周期基准面旋回、10个中期基准面旋回和30个短期基准面旋回,建立了梁山煤田含煤地层的高分辨率层序地层格架。研究了含煤地层岩性特征及沉积规律,分析出梁山煤田2个重要的聚煤时期。分析表明,该区太原组煤层主要形成于基准面旋回的上升旋回的泻湖、潮坪沉积环境;山西组成煤阶段主要属浅水三角洲沉积体系,煤层主要出现于短期基准面下降半旋回。     

Landsat遥感影像检索系统设计与实现

为提高影像资源的共享度以及实现对已有的大量Landsat遥感影像的高效存储和管理,本文提出一种基于ArcGIS server的Landsat遥感影像在线检索解决方案。方案以ArcGIS Server作为网络地图发布平台,使用Arc-GIS Server提供的Java Web ADF（Application Developer Framework ）结合J2EE技术完成遥感影像检索系统的开发。系统将按轨道行列号查询、按经纬度查询、按行政区查询、按空间位置查询、按成像时间查询和影像下载等功能集于一体。初步应用表明：ArcGIS Server与J2 EE技术的结合能够为用户提供良好的交互效果,并为相关部门提供了便捷的Landsat遥感影像存储管理与检索服务。     

Modeling Users' Behavior for Testing the Performance of a Web Map Tile Service

Web Map Tile Services (WMTS) are widely used in many fields to quickly and efficiently visualize geospatial data for public use. To ensure that a WMTS can successfully fulfill users' expectations and requirements, the performance of a service must be measured to track latencies and bottlenecks that may downgrade the overall quality of service (QoS). Traditional synthetic workloads used to evaluate WMTS applications are usually generated by repeated static URLs, through randomized requests, or by an access log replay. These three methods do not take request characteristics and users' behaviors into consideration, while access logs are not available for systems still under development. Thus, the evaluation outcomes obtained by these methods cannot represent the real performance of online WMTS applications. In this article a new workload model named HELP (Hotspot/think‐timE/Length/Path) is proposed to measure the performance of a prototype WMTS. This model describes how users browse a WMTS map and statistically characterizes complete map navigation behaviors. Then, the HELP model is implemented in HP LoadRunner and used to generate a synthetic workload to evaluate the target WMTS. Experimental results illustrate that the performance representation of the HELP workload is more accurate than that of the other two models, and how a bottleneck in the target system was identified. Additional statistical analysis of request logs and “hotspots” visualizations further validate the proposed HELP workload.     

塔里木河下游芦苇生物量遥感估算模型研建

在对塔里木河下游大西海子水库周边芦苇生物量实地调查基础上,使用同期TM数据建立了芦苇生物量遥感估算模型.结果表明:TM1 ～5、TM7的灰度值和垂直植被指数(PVI)、亮度植被指数(BVI)及归一化差值植被指数(NDVI)与芦苇生物量实测值显著相关;生物量遥感估算模型中非线性回归模型的拟合精度高于线性回归模型.NDVI...