RESEARCH ON EARTHQUAKE EMERGENCY MAPPING METHOD BASED ON TEMPLATE MATCH

After an earthquake, earthquake emergency response and rescue are important ways to mitigate earthquake-induced losses. Various earthquake emergency maps can provide effective references and guidance to those actions. Currently, related studies include the investigation on symbols of emergency maps, remote sensing emergency mapping and GIS-based mapping methods. However, the existing studies overlook the characteristics of rapidity, dynamicity and variety of presentation methods in making earthquake emergency maps. In this paper, a map template matching method is used to quickly make earthquake emergency maps considering their characteristics. We take investigations on the service objects(users)of the earthquake emergency maps to understand the needs of making earthquake emergency maps. The audience theory in mass media field and map information transmission theory are adopted to classify the users of the earthquake emergency maps into four categories: earthquake emergency commanders, technical staffs for decision-making, earthquake emergency rescuers, and the public. The components of different types of users are described and then their diverse demands in earthquake emergency maps are analyzed, such as the needs of on-field disaster information maps, earthquake information maps, physical geography and social economic maps. Following those needs, we introduce the representation methods of the earthquake emergency maps according to their formats(vector or raster)and contents, such as point symbolization method, kilometer grid method, line symbolization method and range method. Then, we study the rapid plotting method of earthquake emergency map based on map template matching method. The core steps of the method include: 1)before earthquake, the templates of different earthquake emergency maps are designed, prepared and connect the earthquake emergency features with their related spatial database. The map layout and map elements are stored in the templates. 2)After earthquake, the earthquake emergency features will be generated from seismic models(such as attenuation model of earthquake magnitude and seismic intensity)or the information obtained from field investigation. 3)Corresponding earthquake emergency map template is selected in accordance with the generated seismic features. And the features are used to update related features inside the selected template. 4)Minor adjustments are made such as to the map scale and some map annotations to finally generate the formal earthquake emergency map. Architecture of template system of the earthquake emergency maps is designed, including map user level, map template level, template layer level and map element level. Regrading to the architecture, the general map template of earthquake emergency is presented which includes four main regions: title region, main picture region, auxiliary region and annotation region. The main picture region is the essential, which lays geographic background maps and earthquake emergency features. Finally, an earthquake emergency mapping system is developed. Based on the system, a case study is presented, which demonstrates making a simulated seismic intensity influence map. From three aspects, the case presents the application of the template-matching method including: generating earthquake emergency features, substituting the features inside the template with the generated features, and revising map annotations. Therefore, the map template matching method is verified so that it can be used to quickly generate various earthquake emergency maps.     

新04号泉溶解气氢气异常特征分析

选取乌鲁木齐周围100 km范围内MS4地震和300 km范围内MS≥5地震,分析新04号泉氢气资料。结果显示,新04号泉对乌鲁木齐周围100 km范围内4级地震无明显震兆异常,对300 km范围内MS≥5地震对应情况较好,对应率为80%。     

含泥质低孔渗各向异性黏弹性介质中的波频散和衰减研究

本文定义了各向异性黏弹性参数修正因子,并将其引入到黏弹性模型中以体现泥质含量对黏弹性机制的影响,同时将波传播过程中孔隙介质骨架黏弹性力学机制与两种孔隙流体流动力学机制（Biot流动和喷射流动机制）有机地统一起来处理,从而给出了描述含泥质低孔渗孔隙各向异性介质中波传播规律的黏弹性Biot/squirt (BISQ)模型.数值计算结果表明,入射波的方位角、各向异性渗透率以及泥质含量等对含流体复杂孔隙介质中波频散和衰减的影响具有显著的方位各向异性特征,在低频范围内（地震波勘探频率）黏弹性力学机制对波传播能量的衰减起主导作用.     

帕米尔东北侧地壳结构研究

1998年在帕米尔东北侧伽师及其周边地区完成了两条深地震宽角反射/折射剖面. 结果表明,西昆仑、塔里木和天山在地壳速度结构、构造特征上显示出较大差异. 塔里木块体具有稳定地块的地壳结构特征,地壳平均速度较高(6.5km/s). 向南进入西昆仑,地壳明显增厚,厚度可达0km左右,且地壳平均速度偏低(6.0-6.2km/s),偏低的地壳平均速度主要来源于相对低速度的下地壳结构,反映了西昆仑褶皱系下地壳介质的特征. 向北进入天山后,地壳同样明显增厚,但增厚的程度低于西昆仑下,约为50-55km. 天山地壳同样具有明显低的平均速度(6.2km/s),显示了天山地壳相对"软"的特征,但天山地壳偏低的平均速度来源于广泛分布于中地壳的低速度层和速度偏低的下地壳. 在印度块体向北强烈推挤的作用下,该区地壳遭受强烈的不均匀变形,塔里木块体向南插入西昆仑下,向北插入天山下,形成了该区强烈地震频繁发生的深部构造环境.     

广东省地震应急指挥中心信息系统设计与实现

一个功能完善且实用的地震应急指挥中心信息系统,有利于在大震应急时在时间和空间上掌握震情和灾情,便于有效地抗震救灾,最低限度地减少损失。介绍了广东省地震应急指挥中心信息系统的技术思路和功能。     

华北地块南缘花山、五丈山岩体LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄、地球化学特征及成因

花山复式岩体位于华北地块南缘,采用LA-ICP-MS技术测得复式岩体中的中细粒似斑状黑云二长花岗岩的锆石U-Pb年龄为128±1Ma,此年龄被解释为成岩年龄。该岩体及邻近的五丈山岩体中花岗岩具有高硅、富碱特征,为准铝-弱过铝质高钾钙碱性系列;在稀土和微量元素上,富集LREE、Rb、Ba、K、Sr等大离子亲石元素,亏损HREE、Zr、Hf、Ta、Nb、P、Ti等高场强元素,总体上Eu异常不明显,显示出I-A过渡型花岗岩的特征。锆石Lu-Hf同位素组成表明,花山花岗岩的εHf(t)主要变化于-25.8~-19.6之间,tDM2为2.81~2.43Ga,显示源区物质以古老的壳源物质为主,有年轻组分的参与。与岩体外围多金属成矿年龄的对比分析发现,外围金、钼矿床与花山复式岩体的年龄一致,比五丈山岩体晚20~25Ma,表明金、钼矿的形成与花山岩体在时空上联系密切,该岩体可能为成矿提供了热源。     

1997-1998年伽师强震群震源区应力场特征

利用1997-1998年伽师强震群中强地震震源机制系统聚类及震源区应力场反演,得到以下主要结果:(1)伽师强震群中强地震主要以走滑和正断层为主,伽师震源区主压应力方向为NNE或近NS向,与相邻的柯坪块体区域构造应力场方向不一致;伽师强震群的破裂面沿NEE方向,属左旋破裂;(2)4~5级中强地震应力场反演得到最大主压应力轴为NNE向,最小主压应力轴为NWW向,中等主应力轴倾角为65°,比较直立;(3)伽师强震群震源区应力场在强震前后经历了一系列变化。最后对所得结果进行了一定的讨论。     

SRG剖分编码与地理坐标的转换算法研究

提出一种基于SRG剖分方法的剖分编码与经纬度坐标之间的转换算法,不涉及任何投影变换,计算过程只需加、减、乘、除简单算术运算,计算速度快,且SRG剖分编码本身就具有固定的方向性,利于邻近搜索。算法中采用坐标系辅助区分一些难以区分的菱形块,降低了转化误码率,进而提高了转换的精度。     

黄土高原丘陵沟壑区单元流域次暴雨输沙模型

黄土高原尤其是黄土丘陵沟壑区土壤侵蚀异常严重,在该区开展单元流域产沙模拟对于流域侵蚀产沙及沟道系统泥沙输移比研究有着重要的意义。本文选取陕北岔巴沟单元流域团山沟为研究对象,利用1961-1969年间水文泥沙资料,构建了流域产沙模型:以流域输沙关系表达式Ms=CsH为理论框架,经分析发现洪峰流量、最大含沙量、平均流量与次洪含沙量相关性显著,近而以洪峰流量、平均流量、最大含沙量及径流深为模型变量,通过模拟误差分析,构建并选取了以径流深和洪峰流量、径流深和最大含沙量为变量的经验模型:Ms=H(109.2ln(Qz)+546.1);Ms=H(Cz-141.2)。与目前已有模型相比,以上模型具有很好的模拟效果,尤其是在模拟小产沙事件时模拟效果较好,模型在临近流域水旺沟上的应用效果也较好。另据研究发现,高含沙水流的存在,使得在不同产沙模数水平下产沙模拟响应机制不同,对产沙模数小于300 t/km2次暴雨事件,流量的对数函数拟合效果明显优于幂函数拟合;对产沙模数大于1000 t/km2次暴雨事件,流量的幂函数拟合效果好于对数函数拟合,但差异不大。     

Glacial change in the vicinity of Mt. Qomolangma (Everest), central high Himalayas since 1976

Glaciers are one of the most important land covers in alpine regions and especially sensitive to global climate change. Remote sensing has proved to be the best method of investigating the extent of glacial variations in remote mountainous areas. Using Landsat thematic mapping (TM) and multi-spectral-scanner (MSS) images from Mt. Qomolangma (Everest) National Nature Preserve (QNNP), central high Himalayas for 1976, 1988 and 2006, we derived glacial extent for these three periods. A combination of object-oriented image interpretation methods, expert knowledge rules and field surveys were employed. Results showed that (1) the glacial area in 2006 was 2710.17 ± 0.011 km2 (about 7.41% of the whole study area), and located mainly to the south and between 4700 m to 6800 m above sea level; (2) from 1976 to 2006, glaciers reduced by 501.91 ± 0.035 km2 and glacial lakes expanded by 36.88 ± 0.035 km2; the rate of glacier retreat was higher in sub-basins on the southern slopes (16.79%) of the Himalayas than on the northern slopes (14.40%); most glaciers retreated, and mainly occurred at an elevation of 4700–6400 m, and the estimated upper limit of the retreat zone is between 6600 m and 6700 m; (3) increase in temperature and decrease in precipitation over the study period are the key factors driving retreat.