地壳的拆离作用与华北克拉通破坏:晚中生代伸展构造约束

伸展条件下的地壳拆离作用是岩石圈减薄的重要浅部构造响应。晚中生代时期的伸展构造(包括拆离断层、变质核杂岩构造和断陷盆地)在华北、华南、东北和东蒙古及贝加尔地区普遍发育,它们切过上部地壳(断陷盆地)、中、上地壳(拆离断层)或中部地壳(变质核杂岩)。地壳拆离作用具有运动学极性(NWW或SEE)、几何学宏观(区域)对称与微观(局部)不对称性、遍布全区但不均匀性,以及形成时间的跨越性(140~60Ma)等特点,并使得地壳和岩石圈发生显著的减薄。本文研究揭示出现今岩石圈厚度变化与晚中生代伸展构造的发育程度和分布之间并没有必然的联系。其变化的基本规律是,除新生代裂陷发育区岩石圈厚度明显较小且厚度有迅速变化外,从华北向贝加尔地区总体的变化趋势是逐渐加厚,也即东亚地区岩石圈具有楔形形态。晚中生代时期的地壳(或地幔)拆离作用伴随着广泛的岩石圈减薄作用,区域岩石圈同时遭受到一定程度的减薄和破坏,华北克拉通在这一时期的破坏仅仅是区域岩石圈减薄在华北的具体体现。     

甘肃拾金坡金矿床成因:来自40Ar/39Ar定年、成矿流体及H-O-S同位素证据

甘肃拾金坡金矿床是北山造山带南部的一处重要中型金矿床。矿体以石英脉和蚀变岩形式产出,受东西向断裂控制,赋矿围岩为早泥盆世拾金坡二长花岗岩。矿石中主要金属硫化物为黄铁矿及少量方铅矿、闪锌矿和磁黄铁矿。石英脉两侧花岗岩发生强烈的硅化、黄铁绢英岩化和绿泥石化。热液蚀变绢云母40 Ar/39 Ar坪年龄为(364.6±3)Ma,表明成矿作用发生在晚泥盆世。矿石石英中流体包裹体可分为早晚两期:早期流体包裹体群包含不同气液比水溶液包裹体和含CO2包裹体,指示成矿过程存在流体沸腾作用,其均一温度集中在280～325℃,盐度(w(NaCl))为7.86%～9.21%;晚期流体包裹体群只发育水溶液包裹体,均一温度集中于160～230℃,盐度为9.47%～11.10%。成矿流体属中温低盐度、富CO2流体。流体从早阶段演化到晚阶段,温度降低约100℃,压力由约113 MPa骤减到约11 MPa。流体包裹体的δ18 OH2O值为1.39‰～3.39‰,δD值为-71‰～-99‰。氢氧投图中,石英脉和蚀变岩样品构成良好的线性关系,暗示初始成矿流体主要来自变质热液,晚期有强烈大气降水加入。矿石金属硫化物δ34S值变化范围为4.44‰～11.33‰,峰值为8‰～9‰,呈塔式分布。与区域S同位素资料对比分析表明,石英脉型矿石S主要来自前寒武系基底,蚀变岩型矿石S更多地继承了花岗岩围岩S。综合分析认为,拾金坡金矿床属于造山型金矿,形成于造山晚期挤压—伸展转换环境。     

西天山巨型金铜铅锌成矿带构造成矿演化和找矿方向

西天山产有Muruntau、Kumtor、Kalmakyr等巨型金矿床和Kalmakyr、Dal'neye等世界级铜矿床以及Tekeli等超大型铅锌矿床,构成世人瞩目的巨型金铜铅锌成矿带.新疆西天山金、铜、铅锌矿找矿面临重大突破,不断认识乌兹别克斯坦—吉尔吉斯斯坦—哈萨克斯坦东南部—中国新疆西部整个西天山的构造成矿过程,明确新疆西天山金、铜、铅锌矿重大找矿突破方向,预测大型矿集区十分必要.本文通过境内外野外地质矿产广泛调研和对相关文献综合研究,认为西天山造山带形成演化经历前寒武纪古陆边缘裂陷盆地、古生代洋-陆俯冲增生、晚古生代陆-陆碰撞造山、中—新生代坳陷盆地四个主要地质过程,造就出四类重要成矿系统和类型:①元古宙边缘裂陷盆地铅锌成矿系统SEDEX型;②古生代俯冲岛弧金铜铅锌成矿系统斑岩-矽卡岩-浅成低温热液型;③晚古生代碰撞造山金铅锌成矿系统造山型-MVT;④中—新生代坳陷盆地铅锌铜成矿系统砂岩型.综合对比西天山境内外成矿系统地质发育特点,预测新疆西天山那拉提-额尔宾中天山隆起带是造山型金矿找矿重大突破区,吐拉苏盆地和巴音布鲁克中天山以及那拉提山北坡有望实现斑岩型金铜找矿突破,伊犁地块南缘元古宇SEDEX型铅锌找矿值得关注,山间/山前盆地无疑是砂岩型铅锌铜找矿优先选择.     

Biological marker compounds as indicators of the depositions! history of the Maoming oil shale

The Eocene Maoming oil shale from Guangdong Province occurs as a laterally uniform stratigraphic section, typically 20–25 m thick, from which the aliphatic hydrocarbon constituents of six representative samples were investigated using GC and C-GC-MS. The sediments evaluated included the basal lignite, a vitrinite lens from the overlying claystone, and four intervals from the massive oil shale bed. As expected, the lignite and vitrinite differ markedly from the oil shales. The lignite is dominated by bacterial hopanoids and components of higher plant origin, including C₂₉ steroids and triterpenoids such as oleanenes. Visually, the oil shale samples show corroded and degraded phytoclasts, spores, wispy particles of fluorescent organic material attributable to dinoflagellates and, especially in the uppermost sample, colonial algal bodies. The distributions of biological markers in the oil shales show many features in common, notably a dominance of dinoflagellate-derived 4-methylsteroids, and a significant proportion of higher-plant derived n-alkanes with marked odd-over-even carbon number predominance. Overall, they exhibit several features that resemble characteristics of the Messel shale. The hydrocarbons of the lowest shale horizon suggest that there may have been a gradual transition between deposition of the original peat and the subsequent oil shales. The aliphatic hydrocarbons of the uppermost shale are dominated by a number of C₃₁ and C₃₃ botryococcane homologues and other unusual branched alkanes possibly derived from green algae. All of the samples are immature. Overall, molecular and microscopic examination of the stratigraphic succession of the Maoming oil shale suggests a shallow, lacustrine environment within which peats were deposited. This lake subsequently deepened to support abundant algal populations, especially dinoflagellates, culminating in a dominance of botryococcoid algae.     

Bismuth and cobalt minerals as indicators of stringer zones to massive sulphide deposits, Iberian Pyrite Belt

The stringer zones and commonly the interaction zone at the base of the massive sulphide mounds in the Iberian Pyrite Belt contain bismuth and cobalt minerals that are not found in the overlying massive sulphides. These are fairly rare cobalt sulphoarsenides (cobaltite, alloclasite, galucodot) that were formed at the beginning of the massive sulphide genesis, and fairly common bismuth sulphides (bismuthinite, hammarite, wittichenite, cosalite, kobellite, joseite, etc.), including species rare at world scale (nuffieldite, giessenite, jaskolskiite) that were deposited from last stage high-temperature (> 300 °C) copper-bearing fluids containing Bi (Te, Se). The last stage fluids precipitated chalcopyrite containing Cu, Bi, Te, (Se) sulphosalts at the base of the sulphide mound to form a high cupriferous zone. Their interaction with the massive sulphides is reflected by the formation of an exchange zone, a few metres thick, showing chalcopyrite disease textures, at the base of the mound; this zone forms the upper limit of potentially economic copper enrichment and of bismuth minerals. Gold is undoubtedly in part, if not totally, related to this last phase. The bismuth concentrations being equivalent in the massive sulphides and the stringers, the presence of bismuth minerals in the stringer zones results from high-temperature conditions combined with a rarity of galena, which impedes absorption of available Bi. The distribution of these bismuth minerals provides a basic mineralogical zoning in the stringer zone, with a deep, low-aS₂ zone containing native bismuth and tellurides and a shallow, higher-aS₂ zone in contact with the massive ore sensu stricto and containing complex bismuth sulphides. These results make it possible to distinguish between sulphide veinlets belonging to stockwork zones of massive orebodies and veinlets of an ambiguous nature, and provide mineralogical criteria for the proximity of copper-rich zones. They enrich the very complex mineralogy of the Iberian Pyrite Belt.     

Research on quantitative assessment of climate change risk at an urban scale: Review of recent progress and outlook of future direction

Cities are not only major contributors to global climate change but also stand at the forefront of climate change impact. Quantifying and assessing the risk potentially induced by climate change has great significance for cities to undertake positive climate adaptation and risk prevention. However, most of the previous studies focus on global, national or regional dimensions, only a few have attempted to examine climate change risk at an urban scale and even less in the case of a recent literature review. As a result, a quantitative assessment of climate change risk for cities remains highly challenging. To fill this gap, the article makes a critical review of the recent literature on urban-scale climate change risk assessment, and classifies them into four major categories of studies which jointly constitute a stepwise modelling chain from global climate change towards urban-scale risk assessment. On this basis, the study summarizes the updated research progresses and discusses the major challenges to be overcome for the seamless coupling of climate simulation between different scales, the reproduction of compound climate events, the incorporation of non-market and long-lasting impacts and the representation of risk transmission insides or beyond a city. Furthermore, future directions to advance quantitative assessment of urban-scale climate change risk are highlighted, with fresh insights into improving study methodology, enriching knowledge of climate change impact on city, enhancing abundance and accessibility to data, and exploring the best practice to provide city-specific climate risk service.     

四川盆地蜀南地区上三叠统须家河组低孔低渗储层特征及形成机理

蜀南地区须家河组为一套辫状河三角洲平原分支河道沉积的岩屑砂岩、长石岩屑质石英砂岩和岩屑质石英砂岩。埋藏深度变化较大（0～2 673 m）,大部分埋深800～2 000 m,平均孔隙度4.64%,平均渗透率0.147×10-3μm2,属于低孔低渗储层。造成低孔低渗的主要原因是:（1）在构造背景上,须家河组沉积时研究区靠近刚由海变陆而隆升的物源区,沉积物搬运距离较短,分异程度低,大量的泥岩、千枚岩等塑性岩屑及杂基被保存下来,同时碎屑颗粒分选磨圆程度较差,均不利于原生孔隙的形成;（2）在沉积条件上,由于辫状河河道水动力不稳定,侧向改道迅速,早期泥岩易被冲蚀,导致砂泥混杂,砂岩中含较多杂基,堵塞充填原始孔隙;（3）早期持续快速的埋藏过程,压实作用强烈,岩屑压实变形被挤入粒间孔隙中,同时普遍发育的石英次生加大使得砂岩越发致密,孔隙消失殆尽。（4）研究区须家河组远离沉积中心,缺乏烃源岩成熟产生的酸性流体溶蚀改造,导致次生孔隙不发育。     

南海北部深水区荔湾凹陷构造演化及其石油地质意义

荔湾凹陷北与白云凹陷相邻,南与双峰盆地(南海西北次海盆)相接,发育于洋陆过渡边界,具有独特的结构构造特征。选取荔湾凹陷为研究对象,在3D地震资料解释的基础上,以断裂特征分析厘定凹陷性质、构造古地貌恢复解析凹陷结构,进而指出古地貌恢复和构造演化对油气勘探的影响。研究获得三方面的创新性认识:①荔湾凹陷为洋陆过渡壳上发育的断坳,断坳作用占主导地位;②32Ma的底辟作用将荔湾凹陷改造为"四洼三凸"的构造格局,恩平组沉积期凹陷北部是一个连通的洼陷;③恩平组沉积期连通洼陷的古地貌有利于三角洲(烃源岩)的发育,背斜型圈闭的定型受控于32Ma的底辟作用,是荔湾凹陷油气勘探的有利目标。     

西秦岭印支期高Sr/Y花岗岩类的成因及动力学背景——以同仁地区舍哈力吉岩体为例

西秦岭印支期花岗岩类分布十分广泛,形成时代集中于248~234Ma和224~211Ma两个阶段.其中,夏河岩体(248~238Ma)和温泉岩体(223~216Ma)的部分样品被厘定为埃达克岩(Sr>400×10^-6,Yb<2×10^-6),指示陆壳厚度大于50km.本文对西秦岭同仁地区舍哈力吉岩体进行了锆石U-Pb定年、岩石学、地球化学和Sr-Nd同位素研究.舍哈力吉岩体主要由石英二长岩组成,同时含有许多暗色镁铁质微粒包体(MME).寄主岩中发育少量的钾长石巨晶,并且部分巨晶具有环斑结构.舍哈力吉石英二长岩化学成分比较均一,而且也显示出类似埃达克岩的一些地球化学特点,如富SiO₂(66.07%~67.52%)和Al₂O₃(14.85%~15.95%),高Sr(560×10^-6~692×10^-6),低Y(11.4×10^-6~12.9×10^-6)和Yb(0.99×10^-6~1.09×10^-6),并具有较高的(La/Yb)_N比值(27.8~34.3)和微弱的负Eu异常(δEu=0.77~0.95).锆石U-Pb测年结果为234.1±0.5Ma,表明其形成于印支早期.岩石为偏铝质、高钾钙碱性系列且K₂O/Na₂O>1,高Mg^#(59~60)、Cr(69.1×10^-6~81.2×10^-6)和Ni(31.6×10^-6~36.1×10^-6),以富集大离子亲石元素(Rb、Ba、Th、U)而相对亏损高场强元素(Nb、Ti、P)为特征,(⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i=0.7075~0.7077,ε_Nd(t)=-6.3~-6.1,亏损地幔模式年龄为1.25~1.33Ga.舍哈力吉石英二长岩起源于石榴角闪岩相古老下地壳的部分熔融,之后经历了壳幔岩浆混合作用和以斜长石为主的分离结晶作用.寄主岩的环斑结构和相对一致的地球化学特征,很可能是高温幔源熔体对壳源富钾高黏度岩浆改造所导致的晶粥快速再活化的结果.西秦岭在印支早期可能并未经历显著的地壳加厚过程.西秦岭印支早期花岗岩类形成于活动大陆边缘局部伸展环境,可能与古特提斯洋壳俯冲极性的改变有关.     

石碑塬滑坡黄土液化特征及其影响因素研究

石碑塬滑坡是1920年海原地震触发的大型黄土流滑,认识其破坏特征与发生机制对于黄土边坡长距离液化失稳机制的研究非常重要。对石碑塬黄土滑坡的调查和研究表明,饱和黄土或高含水率黄土具有很高的液化势和流态破坏势,在强震作用下,饱和黄土易发生液化或流滑。对石碑塬滑坡的7组原状黄土样品进行振动三轴剪切试验,并结合其微观特征分析,探讨了循环振动荷载作用下的饱和黄土孔隙水压力-应变增长模型,分析了振动液化过程中液化应力比与黄土粒度组成、土体微观结构参数及饱和度之间的关系。结果表明：黏粒含量越低,振动作用下饱和黄土孔隙水压力响应越快,液化应力比越低;黄土孔隙比越大,孔隙结构分形维数越大,液化应力比越低,振动液化后黄土孔隙分形维数降低,结构较液化之前更为致密;饱和度对黄土粒间胶结物质的赋存状态及黄土结构强度影响很大,同一土体饱和度越高,溶滤于孔隙水中的离子浓度越高,土体粒间接触点（或胶结点）越容易发生断裂,使得黄土结构强度降低,液化应力比降低。