Size distributions and source function of sea spray aerosol over the South China Sea

The number concentrations in the radius range of 0.06 – 5 μm of aerosol particles and meteorological parameters were measured on board during a cruise in the South China Sea from August 25 to October 12, 2012. Effective fluxes in the reference height of 10 m were estimated by steady state dry deposition method based on the observed data, and the influences of different air masses on flux were discussed in this paper. The number size distribution was characterized by a bimodal mode, with the average total number concentration of(1.50 ± 0.76)×10~3 cm~(-3). The two mode radii were 0.099 μm and 0.886 μm, both of which were within the scope of accumulation mode. A typical daily average size distribution was compared with that measured in the Bay of Bengal. In the whole radius range, the number concentrations were in agreement with each other; the modes were more distinct in this study than that abtained in the Bay of Bengal. The size distribution of the fluxes was fitted with the sum of log-normal and power-law distribution. The impact of different air masses was mainly on flux magnitude, rather than the shape of spectral distribution. A semiempirical source function that is applicable in the radius range of 0.06 μmr_(80)0.3 μm with the wind speed varying from 1.00 m s~(-1) to 10.00 m s~(-1) was derived.     

基于无人船的大洋中尺度涡观测系统展望

中尺度涡在大洋中普遍存在,研究发现其能量比大尺度海洋环流的能量大一个量级,在海洋物质能量输运和全球气候变化中起着重要的作用。受观测条件限制,目前对中尺度涡的观测主要通过卫星高度计实现,只能从海面高度来推算中尺度涡大小、分布、强度及其伴随的水体和能量输送,而卫星高度计对中尺度涡垂直结构特征认识不足,也导致了对中尺度涡所引起的上层海洋能量、热量输送估计误差偏大。目前对中尺度涡三维结构观测认识不足,展望未来将会出现基于无人船平台的大洋中尺度涡三维结构自动观测系统,该平台将集成自动水下剖面观测功能等先进技术,以便观测中尺度涡的垂直结构特征及其时空变化特征,进而可对中尺度涡带来的物质和能量输送进行系统认识。     

Dynamics and responses of vegetation to climatic variations in Ziya-Daqing basins,China

Examining the direct and indirect effects of climatic factors on vegetation growth is critical to understand the complex linkage between climate change and vegetation dynamics. Based on the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS) Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI) data and meteorological data(temperature and precipitation) from 2001 to 2012, the trend of vegetation dynamics were examined in the Ziya-Daqing basins, China. The path analysis was used to obtain the information on the relationships among climatic factors and their effects on vegetation growth. It was found that the trends of growing season NDVI were insignificant in most plain dry land, while the upward trends were significant in forest, grass and dry land in Taihang Mountains. According to the path analysis, in 23% of the basins the inter-annual NDVI variation was dominated by the direct effect of precipitation, in 5% by the direct effects of precipitation and temperature, and in less than 1% by the direct effect of temperature or indirect effects of these two climatic factors. It indicated that precipitation significantly affected the vegetation growth in the whole basins, and this effect was not regulated by temperature. Precipitation increase(especially in July, August and September) was favorable to greenness enhancement. Summer temperature rising showed negative effect on plant productivity enhancement, but temperature rise in April was beneficial for the vegetation growth. When April temperature increases by 1℃, the onset date of greenness for natural vegetation will be 2 days in advance. There was a lag-time effect of precipitation or temperature on monthly NDVI for all land use types except grass.     

油铀兼探的找矿思路在松辽盆地的应用——以中央拗陷区南部为例

以"油铀兼探"的找矿思路,带动松辽盆地中南部开展砂岩型铀矿调查选区及钻探验证工作.将异常强度250 API和450 API确定为划分潜在铀矿孔、潜在铀矿化孔和正常孔的关键技术指标,对中央拗陷区南部1572个钻孔进行异常筛查工作.排查发现潜在铀矿孔362个,潜在铀矿化孔223个.对191号钻孔和36号钻孔进行钻探验证,发现1个工业孔、1个异常孔.认为区内寻找砂岩型铀矿的有利地段为油田区反转构造形成的隆起区边部四方台组河流相砂体,并总结了中央拗陷区南部6种主要控矿因素.     

The dominant driving force for supercontinent breakup: Plume push or subduction retreat?

Understanding the dominant force responsible for supercontinent breakup is crucial for establishing Earth's geodynamic evolution that includes supercontinent cycles and plate tectonics. Conventionally,two forces have been considered: the push by mantle plumes from the sub-continental mantle which is called the active force for breakup, and the dragging force from oceanic subduction retreat which is called the passive force for breakup. However, the relative importance of these two forces is unclear. Here we model the supercontinent breakup coupled with global mantle convection in order to address this question. Our global model features a spherical harmonic degree-2 structure, which includes a major subduction girdle and two large upwelling(superplume) systems. Based on this global mantle structure,we examine the distribution of extensional stress applied to the supercontinent by both subsupercontinent mantle upwellings and subduction retreat at the supercontinent peripheral. Our results show that:(1) at the center half of the supercontinent, plume push stress is ～3 times larger than the stress induced by subduction retreat;(2) an average hot anomaly of no higher than 50 K beneath the supercontinent can produce a push force strong enough to cause the initialization of supercontinent breakup;(3) the extensional stress induced by subduction retreat concentrates on a ～600 km wide zone on the boundary of the supercontinent, but has far less impact to the interior of the supercontinent. We therefore conclude that although circum-supercontinent subduction retreat assists supercontinent breakup, sub-supercontinent mantle upwelling is the essential force.     

微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定海泡石中的稀土元素

海泡石是一种纤维状含水的富镁硅酸盐黏土矿,其中的稀土元素含量在1×10~(-7)～1×10~(-5)之间,目前还没有建立海泡石中稀土元素的国家标准分析方法。测定岩石中的稀土元素主要是采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS),样品前处理一般采用封闭溶矿和碱熔,但这两种处理方法耗时较长,效率不高。本文通过比较硝酸-氢氟酸-过氧化氢、硝酸-氢氟酸、硝酸-过氧化氢三种样品前处理方法,确定使用硝酸-氢氟酸溶矿,然后进行微波消解同时赶去氢氟酸,避免氢氟酸与稀土元素生成难溶的氟化物,再采用ICP-MS法测定15种稀土元素的含量。由于海泡石中的镁含量较高,为降低基体效应,以~(103)Rh和~(185)Re作内标补偿基体效应和校正灵敏度漂移,各元素测定值的准确性显著提高,回收率为91. 2%～110. 9%,检出限为0. 002～0. 011μg/L,精密度≤2. 79%。本方法与封闭酸溶ICP-MS法的分析结果吻合较好,且用酸量少(7 mL),溶矿效率高(1 h),检出限更低。     

肥东杂岩的锆石U-Pb年龄及其地质意义——兼论下扬子地区新元古代岩浆活动历史

近年来在下扬子西缘地区厘定的一系列新元古代火成岩,为认识该区扬子板块新元古代岩浆活动历史与规律提供了窗口。结合本次与前人锆石U-Pb年代学数据,指示下扬子地区张八岭群、肥东杂岩与董岭杂岩内变火成岩的原岩时限分别为767~748 Ma、812~745 Ma和829~754 Ma。这些新元古代火成岩分别是峰期为750 Ma、800 Ma和825 Ma岩浆活动的产物。下扬子地区峰期为825 Ma的岩浆活动只出现在靠近江南造山带的南部。锆石年代学信息显示,下扬子地区还发生过峰期为840 Ma、2010 Ma和2454 Ma岩浆活动,但缺失1000~860 Ma的岩浆活动。通过区域对比表明,攀西—汉南弧没有延入下扬子地区。下扬子地区南部受到峰期为840 Ma的弧岩浆活动的影响。扬子板块上峰期为825 Ma的岩浆活动及早阶段的南华裂谷应是江南造山带后造山伸展的产物;而峰期为800 Ma和750 Ma的岩浆活动与相应的南华裂谷扩展,代表了Rodinia超大陆裂解的全面影响。     

华蓥山中段地区地下水资源量评价

四川华蓥山中段地区水流失比较严重,供需矛盾突出,水环境持续恶化,不但影响到居民正常的生产和生活,而且严重影响了该地区国民经济的建设和发展。通过野外调查和综合分析现场收集的资料,总结出华蓥山中段地区地下水资源量流失情况:该区每年流失的水资源量约为0.914 4亿m3,且华蓥山褶皱西翼水流失总量大于东翼,而西翼北端是区内水流失量最严重的区域,其水资源量流失的影响因素主要为气候、社会发展及人类活动等。      

关于《中国扬子区兰多维列统特列奇阶及其与英国的对比》一书若干问题的商榷

《中国扬子区兰多维列统特列奇阶及其与英国的对比》一书（陈旭,戎嘉余,1996）有以下结论：①将回星哨组、茅山组、西坑组等的层位归属于特列奇阶上部;②将回星哨组、茅山组及其相当地层与英国特列奇阶对比;③将扬子区特列奇阶的顶界置于回星哨组、茅山组及其相当地层之顶;④将回星哨组、茅山组、西坑组等地层资料编制的古地理图称为特列奇期晚期古地理图;⑤将回星哨组、茅山组、西坑组等地层与上覆中泥盆统—中二叠统之间的不整合面代表的上升运动,称为“特列奇期的扬子上升”。笔者等依据多年对扬子地台志留纪地层剖面的实地考察和近数十年来扬子区坟头组中—上部、茅山组、回星哨组、小溪峪组、西坑组等地层中文洛克世、拉德洛世、普里多利世早期古生物化石的发现,认为：①回星哨组、小溪峪组、茅山组、西坑组等的层位是文洛克统—普里多利统;② 回星哨组、小溪峪组等大致与英国的文洛克统—普里多利统对比;③回星哨组、小溪峪组、茅山组的顶界是文洛克统—普里多利统剥蚀后残留的层位随地而异的顶界;④根据回星哨组、西坑组、茅山组等地层资料编制的古地理图应是文洛克世—普里多利世古地理图;⑤“扬子地台整个上升”（黄汲清,1945）的时代是志留纪末期,没有“特列奇期的扬子上升”。特提出商榷。上述这些地层时代的解决,对扬子区志留系4统层序的建立具有重要意义,而且也为中国扬子区与英国命名剖面志留系的对比以及中国南方早古生代加里东运动最后一幕时代的再次确定提供了地层学和古生物方面的依据。     

四川盆地喜马拉雅期张扭性断裂构造特征及形成机制

前人对四川盆地盆缘冲断带及川中高-磨地区断裂系统进行了系统性研究,但对于盆地其他区块断裂发育特征、形成演化及应力背景的认识尚不充分.发现了梓潼-成都-威远-华蓥山-广安地区震旦系-下三叠统地层中发育的一套区域性张扭性断裂,主要自震旦系及以下地层向上延伸切穿二叠系地层,多为高陡、小断距正断层,部分形成负花状构造.根据该断裂系统的剖面产状、纵向穿层特征及盆地范围内体现出的分异性,推断该断裂系统形成于喜马拉雅期.物理模拟实验研究发现该断裂体系应发育于扭张性应力环境中,该断裂体系的发育指示了四川盆地内部新生代存在南西-北东向张应力,可能与四川盆地新生代发生的逆时针旋转有关.