Pore-Throat Combination Types and Gas-Water Relative Permeability Responses of Tight Gas Sandstone Reservoirs in the Zizhou Area of East Ordos Basin,China

With the aim of better understanding the tight gas reservoirs in the Zizhou area of east Ordos Basin, a total of222 samples were collected from 50 wells for a series of experiments. In this study, three pore-throat combination types in sandstones were revealed and confirmed to play a controlling role in the distribution of throat size and the characteristics of gas-water relative permeability. The type-Ⅰ sandstones are dominated by intercrystalline micropores connected by cluster throats, of which the distribution curves of throat size are narrow and have a strong single peak(peak ratio 30%). The pores in the type-Ⅱ sandstones dominantly consist of secondary dissolution pores and intercrystalline micropores, and throats mainly occur as slice-shaped throats along cleavages between rigid grain margins and cluster throats in clay cement.The distribution curves of throat size for the type-Ⅱ sandstones show a bimodal distribution with a substantial low-value region between the peaks(peak ratio 15%). Primary intergranular pores and secondary intergranular pores are mainly found in type-Ⅲ samples, which are connected by various throats. The throat size distribution curves of type-Ⅲ sandstones show a nearly normal distribution with low kurtosis(peak ratio 10%), and the micro-scale throat radii(0.5 μm) constitute a large proportion. From type-Ⅰ to type-Ⅲ sandstones, the irreducible water saturation(Swo) decreased; furthermore, the slope of the curves of Krw/Krg in two-phase saturation zone decreased and the two-phase saturation zone increased,indicating that the gas relative flow ability increased. Variations of the permeability exist in sandstones with different porethroat combination types, which indicate the type-Ⅲ sandstones are better reservoirs, followed by type-Ⅱ sandstones and type-Ⅰ sandstones. As an important factor affecting the reservoir quality, the pore-throat combination type in sandstones is the cumulative expression of lithology and diagenetic modifications with strong heterogeneity.     

华北平原典型工业城市秋、冬季大气细颗粒物污染特征

济宁市是位于华北平原大气污染传输通道上的工业城市,为研究其秋、冬季细颗粒物(PM_2.5)的污染特征,在市区的3个站点进行了PM_2.5的同步滤膜采样。采样期为2018年10月15日至2019年1月31日,涵盖非采暖期和采暖期(自2019年11月15日始),共270个小流量滤膜样品。研究结果表明,济宁市秋、冬季PM_2.5平均质量浓度为(98.9±48.8)μg/m³,采暖期PM_2.5质量浓度(107.1±52.8)μg/m³显著高于非采暖期(77.4±27.8)μg/m³。PM_2.5的化学组成以二次无机气溶胶、有机碳和元素碳为主,占比分别为52.4%、10.9%和7.5%。S、Cl、K、Ca、Fe和Si元素平均质量浓度之和占元素总平均质量浓度的78.8%,是PM_2.5中的主要元素。采暖期PM_2.5的主要化学组分质量浓度显著高于非采暖期。二次有机碳是有机碳的重要来源,占比78...     

实时荧光定量PCR分析中不同铁浓度处理下玛氏骨条藻内参基因的筛选

实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)是定量分析基因表达的常用方法,选择合适的内参基因对准确分析目的基因表达水平至关重要。本研究以不同铁浓度培养条件下的玛氏骨条藻为材料,定量分析Cytb、EF-1α、HPRT、UBC、GAPDH、β-actin以及β-tubulin 7个内参基因的表达情况,并利用GeNorm、NormFinder和BestKeeper软件对这些内参基因的稳定性进行综合评价。结果表明,Cytb和EF-1α的表达稳定性较好,EF-1α+Cytb组合的稳定性最佳,是玛氏骨条藻基因表达研究的理想内参基因,而其他基因的表达稳定性较差,不适合作为内参基因。本研究为玛氏骨条藻基因表达研究过程中内参基因的选择提供了方法学上的依据。