论地理科学体系建设

本文在论述重建地理科学体系必要性的基础上,提出和重点阐述一个新的地理科学体系的框架和内容,并由此分析我国未来地理科学学科建设的战略重点。     

浅谈灰土挤密桩与DDC桩在工程实践中应用与发展

DDC桩是挤密桩的一种新型桩。根据宝鸡某大型电厂中DDC桩与灰土挤密桩地基处理工程实例,从挤密机理、挤密效果、复合地基承载力与抗变形性状及复合地基浸水稳定性等诸方面进行了系统地分析对比,进而探讨挤密桩地基的应用与发展。     

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Trace-element composition and zoning in clinopyroxene- and amphibole-group minerals: Implications for element partitioning and evolution of carbonatites

The present work is a first comprehensive study of the trace-element composition and zoning in clinopyroxene- and amphibole-group minerals from carbonatites, incorporating samples from 14 localities worldwide (Afrikanda, Aley, Alnö, Blue River, Eden Lake, Huayangchuan, Murun, Oka, Ozernaya Varaka, Ozernyi, Paint Lake, Pinghe, Prairie Lake, Turiy Mys). The new electron-microprobe data presented here significantly extend the known compositional range of clinopyroxenes and amphiboles from carbonatites. These data confirm that calcic and sodic clinopyroxenes from carbonatites are not separated by a compositional gap, instead forming an arcuate trend from nearly pure diopside through intermediate aegirine–augite compositions confined to a limited range of CaFeSi₂O₆ contents (15–45 mol%) to aegirine with < 25 mol% of CaMgSi₂O₆ and a negligible proportion of CaFeSi₂O₆. A large set of LA-ICPMS data shows that the clinopyroxenes of different composition are characterized by relatively low levels of Cr, Co and Ni (≤ 40 ppm) and manifold variations in the concentration of trivalent lithophile and some incompatible elements (1–150 ppm Sc, 26–6870 ppm V, 5–550 ppm Sr, 90–2360 ppm Zr, and nil to 150 ppm REE), recorded in some cases within a single crystal. The relative contribution of clinopyroxenes to the whole-rock Rb, Nb, Ta, Th and U budget is negligible. The major-element compositional range of amphiboles spans from alkali- and Al-poor members (tremolite) to Na–Al-rich Mg- or, less commonly, Fe-dominant members (magnesiohastingsite, hastingsite and pargasite), to calcic–sodic, sodic and potassic–sodic compositions intermediate between magnesio-ferrikatophorite, richterite, magnesioriebeckite, ferri-nyböite and (potassic-)magnesio-arfvedsonite. In comparison with the clinopyroxenes, the amphiboles contain similar levels of tetravalent high-field-strength elements (Ti, Zr and Hf) and compatible transition elements (Cr, Co and Ni), but are capable of incorporating much higher concentrations of Sc and incompatible elements (up to 500 ppm Sc, 43 ppm Rb, 1470 ppm Sr, 1230 ppm Ba, 80 ppm Pb, 1070 ppm REE, 140 ppm Y, and 180 ppm Nb). In some carbonatites, amphiboles contribute as much as 25% of the Zr + Hf, 15% of the Sr and 35% of the Rb + Ba whole-rock budget. Both clinopyroxenes and amphiboles may also host a significant share (~ 10%) of the bulk heavy-REE content. Our trace-element data show that the partitioning of REE between clinopyroxene (and, in some samples, amphibole) and the melt is clearly bimodal and requires a revision of the existing models assuming single-site REE partitioning. Clinopyroxenes and amphiboles from carbonatites exhibit a diversity of zoning patterns that cannot be explained exclusively on the basis of crystal chemistry and relative compatibility of different trace-element in these minerals. Paragenetic analysis indicates that in most cases, the observed zoning patterns develop in response to removal of selected trace elements by phases co-precipitating with clinopyroxene and amphibole (especially magnetite, fluorapatite, phlogopite and pyrochlore). With the exception of magnesiohastingsite–richterite sample from Afrikanda, the invariability of trace-element ratios in the majority of zoned clinopyroxene and amphibole crystals implies that fluids are not involved in the development of zoning in these minerals. The implications of the new trace-element data for mineral exploration targeting REE, Nb and other types of carbonatite-hosted rare-metal mineralization are discussed.     

石笋记录的西南地区MIS4阶段夏季风的演化

基于重庆市丰都县羊子洞石笋Y-02的12个²³⁰Th年龄和503个氧同位素数据重建了中国西南地区60~73ka B.P.时段夏季风的演化历史。Y-02的δ¹⁸O记录显示中国季风区D/O18、D/O19a和D/O19共3个千年尺度夏季风增强事件与格陵兰间冰阶（GIS）18~19相对应。此外,Y-02记录显示：紧接着D/O18事件以后,夏季风强度突然减弱,而此时北半球高纬度地区正经历着明显的降温过程。Y-02记录捕捉到的这次东亚夏季风突然且短暂的一次减弱过程,可能是H6事件或者是H6事件季风最弱的时段。Y-02的δ¹⁸O记录显示,D/O18事件是一次较强烈的千年尺度季风增强事件,持续时间近千年,而D/O19事件在持续时间和强度上不如D/O18事件,这不同于格陵兰冰芯记录。中国季风区气候变化与格陵兰地区存在着如此紧密的联系进一步支持：东亚夏季风演化受到北半球高纬度地区气候变化的影响,但是对具体的气候事件响应可能存在不同的模式。

     

南极罗斯海沉积物中可培养菌株的分离及胞外水解酶活性检测

研究了南极罗斯海地区沉积物中可培养微生物多样性,并检测了菌株胞外酶活性,为开发利用南极资源奠定基础。采用Zobell2216E培养基、土豆培养基(PDA)及稀释平板划线法分离并获得纯培养的细菌和真菌,分别通过16SrDNA、18S/ITS序列鉴定分析了可培养微生物的多样性和系统发育。从南极罗斯海沉积物样品中获得78株细菌和54株真菌,细菌、真菌的优势菌株分别为嗜冷杆菌属(Psychrobacter)、枝孢属(Cladosporium);78株细菌菌株中有2株与模式菌株的16SrDNA基因序列相似性小于97%,可能是潜在的细菌新物种。细菌API20NE生理生化和真菌产胞外酶活性结果表明,获得的细菌和真菌大多数可检测到胞外水解酶活性。本研究丰富了南极可培养微生物资源,为南极罗斯海地区可培养微生物的多样性研究以及南极微生物资源的应用研究奠定了基础。     

基于DMSP/OLS稳定夜间灯光数据的中国1995-2008年电力消费量时空动态研究(英文)

Electric power consumption (EPC) is one of the basic indices for evaluating electric power use. Obtaining timely and accurate data on the spatiotemporal dynamics of EPC is crucial for understanding and practical deployment of electric power resources. In this study, an EPC model was developed using stable nighttime lights time-series data from the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program Operational Linescan System (DMSP/OLS). The model was used to reconstruct the spatial patterns of EPC in Chinese Mainland at the county level from 1995 to 2008. In addition, the spatiotemporal dynamics of EPC were analyzed, and the fol-lowing conclusions were drawn. (1) The EPC model reliably represented the spatiotemporal dynamics of EPC in Chinese Mainland with approximately 70% accuracy. (2) The EPC in most regions of Chinese Mainland was at low to moderate levels, with marked temporal and spatial variations; of high-level EPC, 58.26% was concentrated in eastern China. Six urban agglomerations (Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan region, Shanghai-Nanjing-Hangzhou region, Pearl River Delta, Shandong Peninsula, middle-south of Liaoning Province, and Sichuan Basin) accounted for 10.69% of the total area of Chinese Mainland but consumed 39.23% of the electricity. (3) The EPC of most regions in Chinese Mainland increased from 1995 to 2008, and 64% of the mainland area showed a significant increase in EPC. Moderate increases in EPC were found in 61.62% of eastern China and 80.65% of central China from 1995 to 2008, whereas 75.69% of western China showed no significant increase in EPC. Meanwhile, 77.27%, 89.35%, and 66.72% of the Shanghai-Nanjing-Hangzhou region, Pearl River Delta, and Shandong Peninsula, respectively, showed high-speed increases in EPC. Moderate increases in EPC occurred in 71.12% and 72.13% of the Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan region and middle-south of Liaoning Province, respectively, while no significant increase occurred in 56.34% of the Sichuan Basin.     

关联演化视角下地理学区域韧性分析的新思考

区域韧性是一个区域应对发展进程中短期冲击与长期变化、积极进行自我调适与转型的能力,表征了区域的适应性、创新性与可持续性,作为新兴理念反映了地理学可持续发展与区域研究的新需求。本研究综述了区域韧性研究进展,基于关联演化视角,探索构建区域韧性认知框架,将情境分析与过程分析并重,思考并总结区域韧性分析的方法论,尝试建立区域韧性评估方程,从经济、社会、环境及制度四个维度进行区域韧性评估,将区域韧性应用于中国地理学研究,分析中国区域韧性研究的一般性与特殊性,将区域韧性研究对接中国实际问题,以期对区域韧性研究做出理论贡献,助推地理学区域发展研究及相关认知领域的跨学科讨论、知识集成与学术交流,为国家制定相关区域政策提供参考,并为国家及区域可持续发展提供科学指引。     

高铁时代长三角城市群交通网络空间结构分形特征研究

宁沪杭高铁的开通缩短了长三角城市之间的交通时间.通过缩减交通时间拉近城市间空间距离,高速铁路的贯通对长三角城市群交通网络空间结构产生深远影响.城市间联系会因交通时间缩短而增强,以交通距离代替空间距离来研究城市群之间分形特征更具有科学性.从城市间高速时间距离和高铰时间距离对比角度,计算高铁开通前后长三角城市群交通空间聚集维数和空间关联维数,分析长三角城市群交通网络空间结构分形特征变化.结果表明:高铁下的长三角城市群交通网络空间向心性集聚分布更显著,空间关联性更强.不同级别交通网络相互叠加改变城市群交通网络分形特征.高铁开通优化了长三角城市群城市交通网络空间结构.     

不同带宽的防风固沙林流场结构及防风效能风洞实验

林带宽度是防风固沙林建植时要考虑的基本参数,研究不同带宽林带的防护效果对防风固沙林配置及构建具有重要的指导意义。通过风洞模拟实验,在7、10、15 m·s^-1风速条件下,对单行一带（Ⅰ型）、三行一带（Ⅱ型）、六行一带（Ⅲ型）和九行一带（Ⅳ型）共4种带宽的林带的迎风面、带中和背风面的风速进行了测定,分析了4种林带的风速流场、风速加速率和防风效果。结果表明：（1）4种林带流场结构和垂直风速变化规律相似,沿来风向均形成了林带上方和迎风面林缘附近的小范围高风速区及其后的风影区相互组合的流场结构;依据风速垂直变化规律划分为上部变化层（高度30~60 cm,受林带的影响最小）、中间变化层（高度5~20 cm,风速受林冠遮蔽作用,影响最大,且为风影区形成层）和近床面变化层（高度1~3 cm）。（2）4种林带在垂直纵剖面上的平均风速加速率随林带宽度的增大而减小,即Ⅰ型（0.90） > Ⅱ型（0.87） > Ⅲ型（0.79） > Ⅳ型（0.78）。（3）4种林带的防风效果为Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型林带相同,Ⅲ型和Ⅳ型林带相同,后2种林带的防风效果优于前2种林带,且4种林带的防风效能均随着风速的增大而减小。