豫西公峪金矿床流体包裹体及其He、Ar、S、H、O同位素组成对成矿流体来源的示踪

豫西公峪构造蚀变岩型金矿床位于熊耳山东南缘祁雨沟金矿田内,矿体赋存于北东向断裂破碎带内。为探讨成矿流体的来源,尤其是地幔流体参与成矿的程度,选择13件主成矿期的矿石样品进行了系统研究,测定了公峪构造蚀变岩型金矿床成矿系统的温度及其 S、H、O 同位素和惰性气体 He、Ar 同位素组成。对保存于石英中的原生包裹体进行的详细研究结果表明:公峪构造蚀变岩型金矿床中含有丰富的包裹体,其类型复杂多样,有气体包裹体、气液包裹体、液体包裹体、含 CO_2包裹体四种类型。包裹体的均一温度变化范围较宽,在120℃～440℃之间均有分布,可进一步分为150℃～190℃、210℃～250℃和290～350℃三个区间,但主要集中于150℃～250℃的范围内。结合显微镜下观测载金矿物特点,推测金矿的形成温度区间主要在150℃～250℃之间。冰点变化范围较大,在-0.2℃～-9.6℃之间,对应的盐度在0.53wt%～13.51wt%之间。稳定同位素结果表明:硫化物的δ~(34)S 值变化于-1.7‰～2.2‰之间,与陨石硫的δ~(34)S 值接近,反映为深源;成矿Ⅰ阶段流体的δD 值为-68‰～-86‰,δ~(18)O_(H_2O)为 3.5‰～ 4.5‰,Ⅱ阶段流体的δD 值为-67‰～-84‰,δ~(18)O_(H_2O)为-3.7‰～ 2.6‰,反映成矿流体主要有两个来源,Ⅰ阶段以深源水为主,Ⅱ阶段有大量大气降水混入。氦氩同位素研究表明:公峪构造蚀变岩型金矿床黄铁矿流体包裹体的~3He/~4He 比值为1.05～3.17R/Ra,高于地壳的~3He/~4He 比值100余倍,但明显低于地幔流体的~3He/~4He 比值;~(40)Ar/~(36)Ar=298～391,略高于大气氩的同位素组成;~(40)Ar/~45He 比值0.08～0.35,平均为0.20,与地壳~(40)Ar/~4He 比值一致。He、Ar 同位素组成特征显示了公峪金矿床成矿流体以大气降水为主,但同时有地幔流体成分,推断金矿床成矿作用与地幔活动有着密切的关系。通过与祁雨沟隐爆角砾岩型金矿床的对比研究,认为虽然祁雨沟金矿和公峪金矿赋存于不同的构造环境中,但是流体包裹体及其同位素研究结果显示了二者的成矿作用具有一致性,他们应属于同一成矿系统的产物,均与燕山晚期岩浆热液活动有关,可能为同源、同期、不同构造空间的演化产物。     

新疆库车库尔哈剖面两个新生代孢粉组合的时代和环境意义

库车盆地的新生界发育比较完整,笔者在库车县城北东方向约50km的库尔哈村西的河谷中测制了剖面。于66层的44号样和90层的50号样品中获得了两个孢粉组合。66层和90层皆属于康村组,两个样品之间相差约200m(真厚度)。在此之前,尚未见到有关康村组孢粉化石的报道。44号样的孢粉组合中被子植物花粉占绝对优势,含量高达94.5%,裸子植物花粉和蕨类植物孢子均少量出现。孢粉面貌反映以草原和灌丛为主的植被类型。50号样的孢粉组合中被子植物花粉占优势(66.5%),裸子植物花粉有较高含量(32.0%),蕨类植物孢子零星出现。孢粉面貌反映盆地周缘广泛分布有以松科为主的高山针叶林带。     

Rhythmic Layering in the Apatite (-Magnetite) Deposit in the Fanshan Complex, North China

Abstract. The Fanshan complex consists of three (First- to Third-) Phases of intrusion. The First-Phase Intrusive is composed of rhythmic layers. The Fanshan apatite (-magnetite) deposit is situated near the top of no. 6 rhythmic Unit of the First-Phase Intrusive. Two sketch maps were drawn through the deposit along no. 25 cross-cut on 425 mL and no. 1 crosscut on 491 mL in the Fanshan mine. Through this mapping, a small-scaled rhythmic layering (called sub-rhythmic layering) was newly found. The sub-rhythmic layering consists of five typical rocks: biotite clinopyroxenite, biotite rock, biotite-apatite rock, alternation biotite-apatite rock and apatite rock. The thickness of layers varies from four millimeters to several meters. Six units of sub-rhythmic layering were distinguished. Each unit consists of biotite clinopyroxenite (or biotite rock and biotite-apatite rock) layer at the bottom and apatite rock layer at the top.
Major element compositions of biotite and clinopyroxene were analyzed. The trends of Mg/(Mg+Fe*+Mn) atomic ratio (Fe*: total iron) of biotite and clinopyroxene indicate that the magma evolved markedly from relatively magnesian bottom layer to less magnesian top layer in each sub-rhythmic unit. A general trend, however, through the whole sub-rhythmic layering sequence shows that the both minerals become relatively magnesian upwards. The hypotheses of liquid immiscibili-ty, gravitational settling and magma mixing are against with the results obtained in the present study. This study suggests that the apatite (-magnetite) deposit is formed through fractional crystallization process.     

Soil erosion and pollutant transport during rainfall-runoff processes

The pollutant from land surface applied to agricultural chemicals is one of the major sources of contamination in water bodies. The pollutant transport within a watershed is profoundly influenced by the rainfall-runoff processes, especially the associated upland erosion and sediment transport processes because most of pollutant can be dissolved into water or attached to the soil particles. A set of soil experiments in laboratory was conducted in this paper to investigate the impacts of upland erosion and sediment transport on pollutant loads. The soil utilized for the experiments was the silty sand collected from Loess Plateau, China; and ammonium bicarbonate was applied on the soil surface as the pollutant source. Runoff discharge, soil loss, and ammonia- and nitrate-nitrogen concentrations were measured to establish the relationships which can help the numerical model to predict the pollutant losses coupled with upland soil erosion during the rain-fall-runoff processes. The experimental results indicate the ammonia-nitrogen concentration in runoff reaches the peak at the initial stage of the overland flow generation, and quickly decreases and approaches to the steady state. The ammonia-nitrogen transported by the soil loss also makes contributions to the nitrogen loss; and its amount mainly depends on the soil transport rate. The ammonia-nitrogen dissolved in overland flow is dominant due to the strong aqueous solution of ammonium bicarbonate during the first storm right after its application.     

稀有气体同位素的激光探针分析:技术与应用

稀有气体同位素的激光探针分析就是利用激光的集束性和高能性来抽提固体样品中的气体 ,然后将气体净化、分离之后送入质谱计测定其含量和同位素组成。该系统主要由显微监视系统、激光发射系统、位移调节系统、样品处理系统和质谱计组成。薄片样品放入真空样品室后 ,利用显微监视系统可以对薄片进行分析和照相 ,可以对小到 30～ 5 0 μm的微小区域定位分析。该方法的优势主要在于 :(1)系统本底非常低 ;(2 )样品用量较少 ;(3)具有很高的空间分辨率 ;(4 )利用“Q开关” ,可以用作微破裂工具 ;(5 )与熔融法相比 ,分析成本较低。它也有不足之处 :(1)系统的投入成本高 ;(2 )各稀有气体的抽提效率不均一 ,需要校正。     

广西北部湾北缘晚古生代一新生代油气资源潜力探讨

通过野外地质剖面调查、丈量和室内烃源岩样品的有机地球化学测试,完成了广西北部湾北缘烃源岩岩石类型、地层厚度、分布的勘查、烃源岩的有机地球化学特征分析和综合评价。研究表明：广西北部湾北缘烃源包括了海相沉积的碳酸盐岩和湖相沉积的泥页岩两大类,海相碳酸盐岩烃源岩TOC含量分布范围为5．26％～0．001％,平均含量为0．41％,有机质类型以I型为主,少量为II型;母质来源为海洋低等浮游生物,藻类。艮（％）分布范围1．32％～4．78％之间,有机质热演化大多处于过成熟阶段,极少数为高成熟阶段。湖相泥页岩烃源岩主要分布古近系中,TOC含量分布范围为14．82％～0．07％,平均值为4．04％。有机质类型为III型和I型,艮分布范围为0.37％～0．41％,有机质热演化处于未成熟阶段。古近系那读组、二叠系合山组和石炭系寺门组为北部湾北缘最具生烃潜力的地层。     

基于TIN数据三维地质体的折剖面切割算法

为有效分析地质模型的内部结构,研究直接利用折切面对模型数据进行几何切割的算法。该算法面向基于TIN数据表达的三维地质体,包括"折剖面的生成"和"被切割地质体的拆分"两大关键步骤;采用向二维平面投影的策略,将复杂的切割转化为交线的快速连接、三角形重新剖分和点与多边形的包含测试等简单操作。对不同复杂程度的三维地质模型进行切割实验,发现化繁为简和二维投影策略极大地提高了算法效率。     

夏甸-姜家窑金矿床三维地质结构及矿体赋存规律

三维地质模型可直观展示金矿床地质特征,在数据提取、分析上更加方便、准确,便于研究金矿床地质特征,深化成矿规律认识.夏甸-姜家窑地区是我国重要的金矿产地,目前勘查深度已超2000m,勘查程度高,地质资料丰富,易于构建三维地质模型.本文在基于200余个钻孔资料建立夏甸-姜家窑金矿床三维地质模型的基础上,分析了金矿床的三维空...     

南海油气分布特征及主控因素探讨

以最新油气田储量数据为基础,运用统计学与石油地质综合分析相结合的方法,研究表明,南海以气为主,其油、气探明储量分别占总探明储量的38%和62%。总探明储量中:碎屑岩储层油气田所占比例最高,占57%;其次为生物礁碳酸盐岩储层油气田,占36%;前第三系基岩裂缝型储层油气田,占7%。碎屑岩储层油气田主要分布于近物源区域,生物礁储层油气田主要分布于远离物源的台地区,基岩裂缝型储层油气田主要分布于南海西部走滑带控制的盆地中。油气主要分布于中中新统,其次为下中新统与前第三系基岩,它们分别占总探明储量的51%、17%和11%。高地温梯度与烃源岩的有机质类型决定了南海油气资源以气为主,盆地类型的差异决定了南海南部油气资源较北部丰富。盆地构造演化史和周边古水系控制了南海油气田储集类型和时空分布。     

鲁西中生代幔枝构造及其金矿化

文章在收集岩石学、岩石化学、同位素地质学、构造地质学和地球物理学等资料的基础上，采用多学科相结合、相互验证和综合分析的方法，论述了鲁西中生代地质特征和金矿床形成的关系。研究表明：鲁西地区中生代为典型的幔枝构造，它是华北地幔亚热柱的次级构造单元。鲁西幔枝构造由核部岩浆-变质杂岩、外围盖层拆离滑脱层和上叠构造断陷-火山盆地3个单元组成。在上叠构造断陷-火山盆地单元内，广泛分布幔源岩浆岩，包括中基性到碱性的侵入岩、富钾火山岩和煌斑岩；同时，由于幔枝构造的上隆，形成了与之相配套的放射状和环状断裂体系。结合前人中生代岩浆活动的年龄数据，提出了鲁西中生代幔枝构造的活动经历了早侏罗世和早白垩世2个高潮期。按照构造控矿的特征，鲁西幔枝构造中的金矿床可分为韧性剪切带型和外围拆离滑脱层型两种。