1951—2015年乌鲁木齐市升温过程频数及强度气候特征

利用乌鲁木齐市气象站1951年1月1日至2015年12月31日的逐日气温资料,以日最高气温及其升温幅度为指标,整理出乌鲁木齐市近65年升温过程数据库,将升温过程分为Ⅰ级(弱)、Ⅱ级(中等强度)、Ⅲ级(较强)、Ⅳ级(强)以及Ⅴ级(极强)5个等级,分析了乌鲁木齐市各级升温过程发生频数、持续日数、过程不同时段升温幅度、过程最高气温、过程最高气温距平偏高幅度等要素气候特征。结果如下：(1)1951—2015年,乌鲁木齐市出现升温过程5677次,平均每年87.3次,其中Ⅰ级(弱)升温过程占67.8 %。升温过程发生频数的季节分布较均匀,但在春季相对较多。近65年来,年平均升温过程发生频数在7个年代际中差异不大,没有明显的线性变化趋势。(2)1951—2015年,乌鲁木齐市5677次升温过程的平均持续日数为2.14?d,其中持续1 d的过程占43.0 %。随升温过程等级由Ⅰ级到Ⅴ级提高,过程持续日数最高出现频率也从1?d过渡到3?d。升温过程持续日数在春季4、5月份最长。(3)1951—2015年,乌鲁木齐市过程升温幅度平均为5.76℃,在春季最大、秋季最小。Ⅳ级(强)以及Ⅴ级(极强)的过程升温幅度最大的月份分别是5月和3月。65年来,乌鲁木齐市升温过程的最大24h、48h和72h升温幅度平均值分别为3.72℃、6.12℃和8.23℃,最大24 h升温幅度在冬季最大、夏季最小,最大48 h和72 h升温幅度都是在春季最大、秋季最小。(4)1951—2015年,乌鲁木齐市升温过程的最高气温平均值为14.52℃,在夏季7、8月最高,在冬季各月最低,带有显著的季节背景特征。过程最大日气温距平的平均值为2.93℃。Ⅳ级(强)和Ⅴ级(极强)升温过程的日气温距平偏高幅度最大月份分别出现在1月(11.73℃)和12月(19.10℃)。     

Identification of phase and sex-related ISSR markers of red algaGracilaria lemaneiformis

Six ISSR primers are employed to display the polymorphism of different phases and sexes of red alga Gracilaria lemaneiformis, and two of them, P1 and P3, amplified distinct band patterns. The ISSR pattern amplified by primer P1 of the female gametophyte is identical to that of tetrasporophyte, but distinct from that of male gametophyte. Of the bands produced by primer P3, one is specific to female gametophyte. Three morphologically similar fronds can be easily identified using ISSR technique. Two specific markers, SM1 and SF3, related to male gametophyte and female gametophyte, are cloned and sequenced. The homologous sequences of SM1 are found to encode a hypothetical protein. There is no homologous sequence of SF3 that can be found in GenBank.     

基于空间语义的地质剖面自动连接算法

地质条件的复杂性决定了地质剖面图完全自动连接的准确性较低。提出一种基于空间语义关系的空区域搜索算法,通过人机交互方式将专家知识应用于剖面连接过程,实现了融合人工编辑的剖面自动化连接方法。该算法通过读入交互结果获得专家知识,在此基础上对剖面地层进行自动化连接。通过语义分解的策略,可以针对实际情况任意组合需要的连接命令。     

豫北多时效归一化棉铃虫气象预报模式

按照棉铃虫繁育规律,将棉铃虫周年活动期划分为秋季预蛹期、越冬期、春季羽化期、夏季危害期4个阶段,分阶段选取有昆虫学、统计学意义的气象因子,通过归一化处理和加权组合,组成棉铃虫气象指数,建立多时效、归一化棉铃虫气象预报模式和分析、评价指标。结果显示：气象条件与棉铃虫发生程度密切相关,各时段预报模式的复相关系数达0.7780~0.8780,回代拟合率为96.7%,回归效果极显著。经试报应用,取得较好效果。结论认为：将诸多气象因子作无量纲化处理,不但便于因子间相互组合,还可提高模式的预报精度;将棉铃虫周年繁育期划分为秋季预蛹期、越冬期、春季羽化期、夏季危害期,突出了阶段性特点,分阶段组建预报模式,预报效果较好。对组合因子的生物学意义,有待生物学试验认定。     

四川省地面气象资料统计方法及产品简介

本文简明扼要地介绍了地面气象资料中常用要素的日、旬、月、年值的统计和缺测记录处理方法,对各要素原始观测数据和统计产品中常见的特定值做了较详细的说明.作者全面地介绍了四川省目前广泛用于服务的气候资料产品的文件类型、数据内容和数据格式.     

环渤海葡萄涝渍指标构建及风险评估

以中国环渤海地区葡萄主产区为研究对象, 利用1980—2019年研究区域内303个气象站逐日气象资料、葡萄发育期资料和葡萄涝渍灾情资料, 基于相对湿润度方法构建葡萄逐日涝渍指数M5i, 以历史灾情反演和灾变过程解析为主线, 采用正态分布的Lilliefors检验和t分布区间估计等方法, 构建适用于中国环渤海地区葡萄主产区的葡萄涝渍灾害等级指标体系, 利用信息扩散理论方法, 计算区域内各站点的葡萄涝渍致灾风险指数。结果表明: 构建的葡萄涝渍等级指标能够较好地反映实际受灾情况, 指标验证结果与历史记录有较高一致性; 葡萄同一发育阶段的涝渍灾害发生范围随灾害等级的加大而缩小, 不同发育阶段重度涝渍灾害发生范围随着发育进程的推进逐渐增大; 葡萄萌芽-新梢生长期和开花坐果期发生涝渍灾害的风险相对较低, 果实膨大期和着色成熟期为葡萄涝渍灾害发生的高风险时期; 葡萄涝渍灾害高风险区域主要位于山东东南部、辽宁东南部、河北东北部。     

CMA-SH9在川渝地区的降水日变化预报效果评估

利用CMA-SH9模式逐小时降水预报数据和地面自动站-CMORPH卫星融合降水数据,开展该模式对2020年暖季（5~9月）川渝地区降水日变化的预报效果评估。结果表明：CMA-SH9模式可以再现小时平均降水量在四川盆地偏小、盆地周边陡峭地形处偏大的空间分布特征;显著的预报正偏差分布于青藏高原东坡至四川盆地西南部一带和四川盆地以东地区,偏差来自降水频率和降水强度的共同贡献;预报负偏差分布于四川盆地,主要来自模式对降水强度的低估;降水日变化峰值时间自西向东呈午夜到上午的滞后,模式预报的降水日变化峰值时间超前于观测;模式能够较好地把握青藏高原东坡至四川盆地西南部一带和四川盆地的单峰型日变化位相,以及盆地以东地区的双峰型日变化位相,但预报的降水量值和观测存在一定偏差。     

Daily salinity fluctuation alleviates salt stress on seedlings of the mangrove Bruguiera gymnorhiza

Salinity is a vital factor that regulates leaf photosynthesis and growth of mangroves, and it frequently undergoes large seasonal and daily fluctuations creating a range of environments – oligohaline to hyperhaline. Here, we examined the hypotheses that mangroves benefit opportunistically from low salinity resulting from daily fluctuations and as such, mangroves under daily fluctuating salinity (FS) grow better than those under constant salinity (CS) conditions. We compared growth, salt accumulation, gas exchange, and chlorophyll fluorescence of leaves of mangrove Bruguiera gymnorhiza seedlings growing in freshwater (FW), CS (15 practical salinity units, PSU), and daily FS (0–30 PSU, average of 4.8 PSU) conditions. The traits of FS-treated leaves were measured in seedlings under 15 PSU. FS-treated seedlings had greater leaf biomass than those in other treatment groups. Moreover, leaf photosynthetic rate, capacity to regulate photoelectron uptake/transfer, and leaf succulence were significantly higher in FS than in CS treatment. However, leaf water-use efficiency showed the opposite trend. In addition to higher concentrations of Na⁺ and Cl⁻, FS-treated leaves accumulated more Ca²⁺ and K⁺. We concluded that daily FS can enhance water absorption, photosynthesis, and growth of leaves, as well as alter plant biomass allocation patterns, thereby positively affecting B. gymnorhiza. Mangroves that experience daily FS may increase their adaptability by reducing salt build-up and water deficits when their roots are temporally subjected to low salinity or FW and by absorbing sufficient amounts of Na⁺ and Cl⁻ for osmotic adjustment when their roots are subsequently exposed to saline water.     

Influence of a coarse interlayer on seawater intrusion and contaminant migration in coastal aquifers

Vertical 2D slice laboratory experiments were carried out in homogenous and layered sand tanks to elucidate the effects of a highly permeable (coarse‐grained sand) interlayer on seawater intrusion and transport of contaminants to a coastal sea. Tidal fluctuations produced oscillations in the seawater–freshwater transition zone, fluctuations of the contaminant infiltration rate and a zigzag contaminant plume outline. The seawater wedge became discontinuous at the (vertical) edges of the interlayer because of increased lateral movement of the seawater–freshwater interface within the interlayer. The contaminant plume formed a tail within the interlayer depending on the tidal stage, and similar to the wedge, its movement was accentuated. A simple analytical model that neglected vertical flow reliably predicted steady‐state seawater intrusion into the coastal aquifer. Numerical modeling was used to gain insight into the groundwater hydrodynamics and contaminant migration. The numerical results confirmed the experimental findings, i.e. that a highly permeable interlayer can provide a rapid transit path for contaminants to reach the seaward boundary and that the interlayer amplifies the effects of tidal fluctuations, resulting in wider transition zones for the seawater wedge and contaminant plume. Numerical simulations further showed that, with increasing interlayer hydraulic conductivity, the maximum seawater intrusion distance inside the interlayer increases approximately linearly. For the fixed‐head contaminant injection condition used, the model showed that contaminant infiltration increases approximately logarithmically with increasing interlayer hydraulic conductivity (other factors held fixed). Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Piecewise prediction model for watershed‐scale erosion and sediment yield of individual rainfall events on the Loess Plateau,China

Establishing a universal watershed‐scale erosion and sediment yield prediction model represents a frontier field in erosion and soil/water conservation. The research presented here was conducted on the Chabagou watershed, which is located in the first sub‐region of the hill‐gully area of the Loess Plateau, China. A back‐propagation artificial neural model for watershed‐scale erosion and sediment yield was established, with the accuracy of the model, then compared with that of multiple linear regression. The sensitivity degree of various factors to erosion and sediment yield was quantitatively analysed using the default factor test. On the basis of the sensitive factors and the fractal information dimension, the piecewise prediction model for erosion and sediment yield of individual rainfall events was established and further verified. The results revealed the back‐propagation artificial neural network model to perform better than the multiple linear regression model in terms of predicting the erosion modulus, with the former able to effectively characterize dynamic changes in sediment yield under comprehensive factor conditions. The sensitivity of runoff erosion power and runoff depth to the erosion and sediment yield associated with individual rainfall events was found to be related to the complexity of surface topography. The characteristics of such a hydrological response are thus closely related to topography. When the fractal information dimension is greater than the topographic threshold, the accuracy of prediction using runoff erosion power is higher than that of using runoff depth. In contrast, when the fractal information dimension is smaller than the topographic threshold, the accuracy of prediction using runoff depth is higher than that of using runoff erosion power. The developed piecewise prediction model for watershed‐scale erosion and sediment yield of individual rainfall events, which introduces runoff erosion power and runoff depth using the fractal information dimension as a boundary, can be considered feasible and reliable and has a high prediction accuracy. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.