吉尔吉斯斯坦塔尔迪布拉克斑岩型金铜矿床地球化学特征及其意义

塔尔迪布拉克斑岩型金铜矿床位于吉尔吉斯西北部的Kipchak奥陶纪岛弧带,是吉尔吉斯斯坦重要的斑岩型金铜矿床之一。本文在前人研究基础上,对该矿床的地质、地球化学特征进行系统研究。研究结果显示,该矿床斑岩体具有高的SiO_2、Al_2O_3、碱质含量,低的Na_2O、CaO、P_2O_5、Th、Y含量和低Al_2O_3/TiO_2比值,属于典型的钙碱性强过铝质S型花岗岩,是高温条件下发生深熔作用的产物。该矿床轻、重稀土元素分馏明显,相对富集LREE和LILE元素,亏损HFSE元素,其源岩可能为杂砂岩,主要来源于地壳物质。此外,稀土、微量元素特征及其区域构造演化特征均显示,该矿床可能是捷尔斯克伊洋演化末期成熟岛弧环境下岩浆-热液活动的产物。     

三维成矿预测多源地学空间数据库建设——以宁芜盆地钟姑矿田为例

大数据是海量、高增长率和多样化的信息资产,是未来找矿靶区预测的不可或缺的技术。大数据-三维成矿预测研究面临机遇与挑战,其涉及的地学大数据除了数据来源众多、比例尺不同、数据量大、非结构化管理、时效性强、空间数据与非空间数据协同管理等复杂特点外,还必须具有适应进行三维建模及空间分析的数据结构。本文分析了地学空间大数据的特点,对多源地学综合信息的管理需求进行研究,参考国家及行业标准,建立了可满足三维成矿预测需求的多源地学空间数据库模型,并依据实际划分为勘查控制钻孔地质数据库、空间属性数据库和地球物理数据库,各数据库可在多源地学空间索引库的支持下协同工作。本文以大数据应用的典型实例--钟姑矿田作为研究对象,系统收集了矿田内勘查成果资料,建立了钟姑矿田多源地学空间数据库,并在此基础上进行了控矿要素的有效提取,可进一步支持三维成矿预测。研究结果表明,本文提出的多源地学空间数据库可有效管理地学空间大数据,是大数据-三维成矿预测的重要解决方案,是进行三维成矿预测的重要数据支持。     

Formation of chlorite rims and the impact of pore-lining chlorite on reservoir quality: a case study from Shiqianfeng sandstones in upper Permian of Dongpu Depression,Bohai Bay Basin,eastern China

The source material, precursor and formation processes of chlorite rims, and impact of pore-lining chlorite on reservoir quality of the Shiqianfeng sandstones, Dongpu Depression, Bohai Bay Basin, China, are studied using an integrated approach, including core observation, point-count analysis of thin-sections, scanning electron microscopy, electron microprobe analysis and cathode luminescence. The petrographic analysis shows that chlorite rims consist of grain-coating chlorite, poorly crystalline pore-lining chlorite and euhedral-crystallised pore-lining chlorite. The chemical composition shows that pore-lining chlorite is mainly Fe-rich with an average of 0.785 for Fe/(Fe+Mg) ratio. Petrographic analysis shows a large amount of volcanic dust (3.0～16.0 vol%, average of 7.93 vol%) in Shiqianfeng sandstones, which determines the formation of poorly crystalline pore-lining chlorite. Transformation of volcanic dust to smectite rims started with shallow burial depth at an early diagenetic stage, followed by in situ alteration of the smectite rims to poorly crystalline chlorite rims. Euhedral-crystallised chlorite mainly develops in sandstones with high porosity, high permeability and open flow systems. Pore-lining chlorite can inhibit quartz overgrowth but cannot effectively prevent pore-filling of authigenic quartz, carbonate and kaolinite cements, and therefore cannot prevent porosity destruction. However, the occurrence of pore-lining chlorite is a barometer of good reservoir quality and intense hydrodynamic conditions.     

Flash flood vulnerability assessment for small catchments with a material flow approach

Destructions resulted from natural hazards like earthquake, landslide, or flood in the urban roads and lifelines introduce their negative effects including the psychological damage to citizens as well as decreased urban functions that usually last for a long time. Thus, a quick and efficient recovery of infrastructures, lifelines, and service-providing facilities along with reducing reconstruction costs and time are essential. This paper proposed an approach that consists of four models for forming an algorithm in order to quantitating and integrating of the criteria that have decisive influence in the recovery of urban roadways after a natural disaster. Meanwhile, to aggregate and conclude the data that are collected by means of presented functions and formulations, we applied fuzzy VIKOR technique as a compromise ranking method. The model outputs a priority list showing the revival of which urban paths stands in higher priority for recovery operation after a natural disaster. Results show that not only the model is able to precisely quantize the selected criteria and provide an action plan for post-event recovery prioritization, but also it offers an appropriate order of transportation roads priority for recovery operations. Finally, the results from the recovery model application to a roadway system in Tehran area are provided.     

Modeling coastal tsunami hazard from submarine mass failures: effect of slide rheology,experimental validation,and case studies off the US East Coast

Natural Hazards - We perform numerical simulations to assess how coastal tsunami hazard from submarine mass failures (SMFs) is affected by slide kinematics and rheology. Two types of two-layer SMF...     

南海西部高温高压小井眼水平井钻完井储层保护技术研究及应用

南海西部东方13-1气田D7H井为国内海上第一口高温高压水平井,储层物性以中低渗为主,使用高固相含量的钻井液易堵塞油气泄流通道造成储层伤害,加之海上完井方式制约,高密度钻井液在井眼滞留时间达10 d以上,不可避免地会加剧储层伤害程度。为充分保障该井储层保护效果,室内开展了大量的优选评价实验,优选出适合海上高温高压小井眼水平井钻完井储层保护油基钻井液,分析了高密度钻井液污染储层的机理,研究了返排压差、返排时间与岩心渗透率恢复结果的关系,提出了增加返排压差、延长返排时间提高储层保护效果的措施。实验结果表明：高温环境下高密度钻井液污染岩心后,初始渗透率恢复值约85%,当污染时间达到15 d时,渗透率恢复值骤降至30%,表明钻井液在储层滞留时间越长储层污染现象越严重;相同驱替条件下,渗透率恢复值随时间的延长而提高并趋于稳定;增加岩心返排时的压差有利于提高渗透率恢复值,返排压差达到12 MPa时,钻井液体系的渗透率恢复值可提高到80%以上。现场应用表明,D7H井试井机械表皮系数为0,清喷产量6.0×105 m3/d,超出配产产量近3倍,储层保护效果良好,为后续海上高温高压气田实施水平井进行规模化开发提供了宝贵的借鉴意义。     

Effects of river damming on biogenic silica turnover: implications for biogeochemical carbon and nutrient cycles

Rivers link terrestrial ecosystems and marine ecosystems, and they transport large amounts of substances into oceans each year, including several forms of silicon (Si), carbon (C), and other nutrients. However, river damming affects the water flow and biogeochemical cycles of Si, C, and other nutrients through biogeochemical interacting processes. In this review, we first summarize the current understanding of the effects of river damming on the processes of biogeochemical Si cycle, especially the source, composition, and recycling process of biogenic silica (BSi). Then, we introduce dam impacts on the cycles of C and some other nutrients. Dissolved silicon in rivers is mainly released from phytolith dissolution and silicate weathering. BSi in suspended matter or sediments in most rivers mainly consists of phytoliths and mainly originates from soil erosion. However, diatom growth and deposition in many reservoirs formed by river interception may significantly increase the contribution of diatom Si to total BSi, and thus significantly influence the biogeochemical Si, C, and nutrient cycles. Yet the turnover of phytoliths and diatoms in different rivers formed by river damming is still poorly quantified. Thus, they should be further investigated to enhance our understanding about the effects of river damming on global biogeochemical Si, C and nutrient cycles.     

Hydrachemical Characteristics at the Seismic Stations in Songyuan District,Jilin Province

The hydrochemical types and origins of underground water in Songyuan and vicinity, Liaoning Province were discussed based on the hydrochemical composition, δD and δ¹⁸O. The water samples from eight wells were collected 4 times during 2014 to 2015. The main ion concentrations of water were analyzed with an Ion Chromatography. Isotopic compositions of hydrogen and oxygen were analyzed with the Liquid Water Isotope Analyzer. The mineralization (TDS) of the water ranged from 125.4 mg/L to 19 350.9 mg/L. Values of δD and δ¹⁸O ranged from -71.7‰ to -98.1‰ and from -9.0‰ to -12.5‰, respectively. The isotopic data indicated that the water originated from meteorological precipitation. The chemical compositions of Taolaizhao phreatic water were influenced by the human activity while the other water samples collected from artesian well were less affected by the human activity. Water in Changling, Dongdashi, Taohaotai, Qianan and Ningjiang were characterized by HCO₃-Na with low TDS values. Such chemical types of water with fluctuations of Na⁺, SO42- and δ¹⁸O drift were resulted from dissolving silicate minerals and adding surfactant during oil exploitation. Fresh water in Fuyu well was Cl-Na type, which was influenced by acid injection during oil exploitation. Water in Qianguo well was characterized by Cl-Na type with TDS up to 19 350.9 mg/L, the obvious fluctuations of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes and increasing ion concentrations in the Qianguo well may be caused by the earthquakes that occurred in the sampling duration. The results will provide the background of hydrochemistry, and will be of benefit to monitoring earthquake and certificating seismic-chemical anomalies in the future.     

京西小窑采空区灾害特征及影响因素分析

京西山区地质条件复杂,小窑浅层采空区灾害频繁,对地区工程建设及生态环境造成了严重影响和损失。小窑采空区主要灾害类型为地面塌陷及由其诱发的崩塌、不稳定斜坡和泥石流等地质灾害,灾害活动有着隐蔽性、突发性及随机性的特征,受地质构造、地层岩性、地形地貌以及气候条件、人类活动等内外地质作用因素影响,又表现出一定的客观规律。本文通过分析京西山区小窑采空区灾害特征和致灾因素,以便于开展针对性的防范措施,希望能为京西山区工程建设提供一些参考和帮助。     

基于松散地层标准化的三维建模

由于北京的地理位置较为特殊,地质构造较为复杂,冲洪积扇和古河道等作用较为多样,第四纪地层剖面标准化工作进行的还不够详尽,发展较其他城市稍显滞后。本文通过前人对北京市平原区第四纪地层的划分,在已有基准孔网和三维结构的基础上,对常营地区第四纪地层进行了更为详尽的标准化分层(共分为39层),进而利用计算机建立了标准地层数据库,完成了三维准自动化地质体模型构建工作,实现了地面沉降模型与视电阻率属性模型的耦合显示,进行了基本分析,验证了研究区相同流域,距离1km2的区域通过标准化分层自动构建地质体模型。