Vertical structures of PM10 and PM 2.5 and their dynamical character in low atmosphere in Beijing urban areas

The vertical structures and their dynamical character of PM2.5 and PM10 over Beijing urban areas are revealed using the 1 min mean continuous mass concentration data of PM2.5 and PM10 at 8, 100, and 320 m heights of the meteorological observation tower of 325 m at Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IAP CAS tower hereafter) on 10―26 August, 2003, as well as the daily mean mass concentration data of PM2.5 and PM10 and the continuous data of CO and NO2 at 8, 100 (low layer), 200 (middle layer), and 320 m (high layer) heights, in combination with the same period meteorological field observation data of the meteorological tower. The vertical distributions of aerosols observed on IAP CAS tower in Beijing can be roughly divided into two patterns: gradually and rapidly decreasing patterns, I.e. The vertical distribution of aerosols in calm weather or on pollution day belongs to the gradually decreasing pattern, while one on clean day or weak cold air day belongs to the rapidly decreasing pattern. The vertical distributive characters of aerosols were closely related with the dynamical/thermal structure and turbulence character of the atmosphere boundary layer. On the clean day, the low layer PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations were close to those at 8 m height, while the concentrations rapidly decreased at the high layer, and their values were only one half of those at 8 m, especially, the concentration of PM2.5 dropped even more. On the clean day, there existed stronger turbulence below 150 m, aerosols were well mixed, but blocked by the more stronger inversion layer aloft, and meanwhile, at various heights, especially in the high layer, the horizontal wind speed was larger, resulting in the rapid decrease of aerosol concentration, I.e. Resulting in the obvious vertical difference of aerosol concentrations between the low and high layers. On the pollution day, the concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 at the low, middle, and high layers dropped successively by, on average, about 10% for each layer in comparison with those at 8 m height. On pollution days, in company with the low wind speed, there existed two shallow inversion layers in the boundary layer, but aerosols might be, to some extent, mixed below the inversion layer, therefore, on the pollution day the concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 dropped with height slowly; and the observational results also show that the concentrations at 320 m height were obviously high under SW and SE winds, but at other heights, the concentrations were not correlated with wind directions. The computational results of footprint analysis suggest that this was due to the fact that the 320 m height was impacted by the pollutants transfer of southerly flow from the southern peripheral heavier polluted areas, such as Baoding, and Shijiazhuang of Hebei Province, Tianjin, and Shandong Province, etc., while the low layer was only affected by Beijing's local pollution source. The computational results of power spectra and periods preliminarily reveal that under the condition of calm weather, the periods of PM10 concentration at various heights of the tower were on the order of minutes, while in cases of larger wind speed, the concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 at 320 m height not only had the short periods of minute-order, but also the longer periods of hour order. Consistent with the conclusion previously drawn by Ding et al., that air pollutants at different heights and at different sites in Beijing had the character of "in-phase" variation, was also observed for the diurnal variation and mean diurnal variation of PM2.5 and PM10 at various heights of the tower in this experiment, again confirming the "in-phase" temporal/spatial distributive character of air pollutants in the urban canopy of Beijing. The gentle double-peak character of the mean diurnal variation of PM2.5 and PM10 was closely related with the evident/similar diurnal variation of turbulent momentum fluxes, sensible heat fluxes, and turbulent kinetic energy at various heights in the urban canopy. Besides, under the condition of calm weather, the concentration of PM2.5 and PM10 declined with height slowly, it was 90% of 8 m concentration at the low layer, a little lesser than 90% at the middle layer, and 80% at the high layer, respectively. Under the condition of weak cold air weather, the concentration remarkably dropped with height, it was 70% of 8 m concentration at the low layer, and 20%―30% at the middle and high layers, especially the concentration of PM2.5 was even lower.     

运用GVF Snake算法提取水域的不规则边界

GVF Snake是一种改进型主动轮廓提取算法。本文在详细介绍GVF Snake原理的基础上,重点对GVF Snake的内、外部约束力在边界提取中的作用以及初始边界对提取结果的影响进行了实验研究,提出了初始边界和内部约束力权值的合理设置方法,设计并实现了交互式GVF Snake算法,并用于提取遥感影像上水域的不规则边界。该算法采用种子点区域生长法自动给出水域的初始边界,采用人机交互法设置内部约束力权值,然后运用GVF Snake算法搜索水域的实际边界。实验表明：对于形状极不规则的水域,交互式GVF Snake算法也能方便、快速、准确地获取其边界。     

天津市1:10000地形图更新检验方法

1∶10 000地形图是天津市城市建设与管理的基础用图,是实现城市信息化管理的重要基础地理信息之一,同时也是各行各业建立地理信息系统的基础。本文介绍了天津市1∶10 000地形图数据更新的检验要求和方法,同时指出了下一步检验工作需努力的方向。     

基于VirtuoZo的航测内业DOM生成技术研究

笔者基于长期从事正射影像图制作的工作经验,以VirtuoZo全数字摄影测量系统制作正射影像图为研究对象,探讨了正射影像图的制作流程,文中关于正射影像图的匹配与编辑等内容凝练了笔者长期的工作实践经验,对于从事相关工作的同行有着一定的参考价值和借鉴意义。     

利用GNSS星间链路对中高轨航天器测定轨的可行性研究

目的 目前中高轨航天器精密轨道确定普遍采用地面跟踪测量体制,面临跟踪弧段不够、跟踪精度不高、无载体自主定位能力的问题。GNSS星间链路网络的建立为中高轨航天器定轨提供了新思路。介绍了基于GNSS星间链路的中高轨航天器定轨新方法,设计仿真模型分析了其可见性、定位精度、链路预算,并进行了自主定轨模拟计算。结果表明:以 GNSS星间链路实现中高轨航天器测定轨,可见星数目多、定位精度好、链路余量高,对中高轨航天器在径向的定轨精度可以达到6m 以内,切向和法向在2m 以内。本文测定轨方案可行,为GNSS在新领域的应用提供了思路。     

地面三维激光扫描点云数据精度影响因素及控制措施

地面三维激光扫描技术虽然具有分辨率高、准确度高、效率高等特点,但在应用过程中存在一系列影响三维激光扫描精度的因素。文中详细分析扫描距离、物体表面材质、控制网、标靶测量精度、光斑大小、扫描点间距、点云拼接精度、全反射物质和外界环境等因素对三维激光扫描精度的影响,并提出对以上影响因素的控制方法。     

空间信息服务在RFID物流管理系统中的应用研究

RFID（射频识别）中间件技术是RFID产业化的关键技术,分布式环境下的信息交换是这项技术的主要研究方向之一。随着企业对空间位置信息的关注需求日益增大,空间信息服务也成为RFID中间件中必不可少的组成部分。本文介绍了RFID中间件和空间信息服务的概念,通过一个RFID物流管理系统应用实例研究了空间信息服务在RFID中间件中提供空间信息操作,处理与交换的应用。     

基于ArcIMS的四川省旅游信息系统设计与实现

运用ArcIMS等WebGIS相关技术,设计了一个基于ArcIMS的旅游地理信息系统,结合四川省的特点开发实现了四川省旅游信息服务系统。     

双线性插值近似网格的栅格数据投影变换

在栅格数据投影变换常用算法的基础上,介绍一种新的基于双线性内插近似网格算法的栅格数据投影变换,并详细描述其算法过程,认真分析其特点,并证明该算法在大范围栅格数据投影变换中有显著优点。     

宽观测带SAR图像入射角效应量化研究与校正

针对宽观测带SAR图像,在对入射角效应量化研究的基础上,提出了一种入射角效应按类校正方法。利用分水岭分割和区域标记技术实现地物取样,基于结合线性回归估计的余弦朗伯定律,实现对地物后向散射值的按类辐射校正。针对Envisat ASAR C波段HH极化数据的实验结果表明,入射角效应对雷达后向散射有明显的影响,含水量越高的地物类型,入射角效应越明显。利用本文方法进行入射角效应校正的效果优于绝对定标和一阶余弦校正的效果。