Effects of the anthropogenic activities on the morphological evolution of the Modaomen Estuary,Pearl River Delta,China

Owing to the intensive human activities, the Modaomen Estuary has been significantly modified since 1950s, which has resulted in considerable changes of hydrodynamics and morphodynamics in the area. In this paper, the effects of the anthropogenic activities on the hydrodynamics and morphological evolution in the estuary at different stages are systematically assessed based on the detailed bathymetric data and field survey. The results show that the human activities have caused the channelization of the enclosed sea area in the Modamen Estuary;fast seaward movement of the mouth bar with high siltation;expansion of the channel volume due to channel deepening. The paper also highlights the main hydrodynamic changes in the estuary, including the rise of the water level;the distinguishing changes of tidal range before and after the 1990s （decrease and increase respectively）; as well as the increase of the divided flow ratio. It is found that reclamation is the main factor promoting the transition of nature of the estuary from runoff dominant to runoff and wave dominant, and sand mining activities are mainly to strengthen the tidal dynamic and to low the water level. The results provide useful guidance for better planning of the future developments in the estuary and further research in the area.     

椒江口化工园区邻近海域沉积物中细菌多样性初步研究

为研究椒江化工园区邻近海域沉积物中细菌结构, 选取四个典型站点, 通过分离纯化、鉴 定和建立克隆文库的方法, 对其进行多样性及系统发育分析。可培养细菌的形态学及API 鉴定结果 显示洋葱假单胞菌及杀鲑气单胞菌杀鲑亚种是优势种, 典型细菌16S rDNA 分子鉴定结果表明厚壁 菌门及γ-变形菌纲为主要类群。非培养细菌克隆文库的序列分析结果表明: 细菌主要包括变形菌门、 酸杆菌门、绿弯菌门、芽单胞菌门、硝化螺旋菌门、CFB 群、放线菌门、厚壁菌门、浮霉菌门等9 个类群; 其中C3 站点克隆子主要属于γ-变形菌纲及δ-变形菌纲; C4 站点克隆子以γ-变形菌纲及酸杆 菌门为主; C5 站点克隆子主要属于δ-变形菌纲及γ-变形菌纲; C6 站点克隆子主要属于γ-变形菌纲及 放线菌门。综合可培养及非培养结果, 可发现椒江口化工园区邻近海域沉积物中γ-变形菌纲为典型 优势类群, 除相当数量的克隆子相似序列来自石油烃污染的沉积环境外, 还有大量克隆子相似序列 来自养殖污染环境。     

Influences of grass and moss on runoff and sediment yield on sloped loess surfaces under simulated rainfall

It is important to evaluate the impacts of grasses on soil erosion process so as to use them effectively to control soil and water losses on the Loess Plateau. Laboratory-simulated rainfall experiments were conducted to investigate the runoff and sediment processes on sloped loess surfaces with and without the aboveground parts of grasses and moss (GAM: grass and moss; NGAM: no grass and moss) under slope gradients of 5°, 10°, 15°, 20°, 25° and 30°. The results show that runoff from GAM and NGAM plots increased up to a slope gradient of 10° and decreased thereafter, whereas the runoff coefficients increased with gradient. The average runoff rates and runoff coefficients of NGAM plots were less than those of GAM plots except for the 5° slope. This behaviour may be due to the reduction in water infiltration under moss. The difference between GAM and NGAM plots in average runoff rates varied from 1·4 to 8%. At the same gradients, NGAM plots yielded significantly (α = 0·05) more sediment than GAM plots. Average sediment deliveries for different slopes varied from 0·119 to 3·794 g m⁻² min⁻¹ from GAM plots, and from 0·765 to 16·128 g m⁻² min⁻¹ from NGAM plots. Sediment yields from GAM plots were reduced by 45 to 85%, compared with those from the NGAM plots. Plots at 30° yielded significantly higher sediments than at the other gradients. Total sediments S increased with slope gradients G in a linear form, i.e. S = 9·25G − 39·6 with R² = 0·77*, for the GAM plots, and in an exponential model, i.e. S = 40·4 exp(0·1042G) with R² = 0·93**, for the NGAM plots. In all cases, sediment deliveries decreased with time, and reached a relative steady state at a rainfall duration of 14 min. Compared with NGAM plots, the final percentage reductions in sediment delivery from GAM plots were higher than those at the initial time of rainfall at all slopes. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

精密测距在奥运场馆建设中的应用

介绍了一种使用全站仪同向观测、利用差值计算,配合垂直方向全站仪定位,精确测定泳池长度的方法,克服了现场无法架设仪器和目标棱镜的困难,减少了投点误差、仪器常数误差的影响,该方法还可以用于检验标准长度和仪器加常数。     

昆仑山区综合科学考察的新进展

中国科学院青藏高原综合科学考察队,在总结1987年喀喇昆仑山-西昆仑山综合科学考察成果的基础上,于1988年6—9月,又考察了西昆仑山东部地区、中昆仑山区。通过考察,在高原的形成、演化,自然环境变迁,生物区系的种类组成、起源、演化,自然地域的分异规律及发展趋势等方面,取得了重要证据和新进展。     

水文时间序列趋势和跳跃分析的再抽样方法研究

用再抽样方法估计水文时间序列趋势或跳跃的显著性水平,可通过分块的方法消除水文时间序列自相关性的干扰,具有直接、精确的优点。介绍了再抽样方法在水文时间序列趋势和跳跃分析中的原理与方法;针对黄河三门峡水文站1919～1989年实测年径流量资料,采用几种常用的参数和非参数统计量,用再抽样方法进行了实例研究,其中采用滑动分块自助法以消除自相关性的干扰,该方法为估计水文时间序列的趋势、跳跃的显著性水平给出了新的思路与途径。     

Study of shallow groundwater quality evolution under saline intrusion with environmental isotopes and geochemistry

Evolution of the shallow groundwater quality under saline intrusion in porous aquifer system has been studied with environmental isotopes and geochemistry in the Laizhou Bay area, China. Two campaigns of water sampling from various sources were carried out in spring and winter for environmental isotopic and chemical analyses. The origin of groundwater salinity from intrusion of both modern seawater and deep brine water was identified by analysing the correlations between ¹⁸O, D, T, Cl⁻, SO₄²⁻ and electrical conductivity. The results indicate that the brine is originated from evaporating and concentrating of intruded seawater and its δD and δ¹⁸O are different from modern seawater but similar to those of mixture of seawater with fresh groundwater. It is hard to distinguish the salinity origin in this area by the δD–δ¹⁸O relationship alone. The relations between δ¹⁸O and conductivity, Cl⁻ and SO₄²⁻ have been used to identify the salinity origin due to the distinct difference in salinity between the brine and seawater, conjunctively with use of T. A threshold of T = 12 TU was adopted to identify the origin of saline groundwater.     

利用井径资料预测鱼卡煤田东部勘探区七煤顶板的稳定性

在煤田测井中，井径的变化对其它测井参数是一种干扰，但利用井径的相对变化值（井径扩大系数），可有效地评估岩石的强度等级和可采煤层顶底板的稳定性。统计鱼卡煤田东部勘探区29个钻孔孔径的变化值，按岩石抗压强度划分原则，将其七煤顶板稳定性划分为5个等级，据此固定了该煤田七煤顶板稳定性分布图。     

Field and geochemical characteristics of the Mesoarchean ( 3075 Ma) Ivisaartoq greenstone belt, southern West Greenland: Evidence for seafloor hydrothermal alteration in supra-subduction oceanic crust

The Mesoarchean (ca. 3075 Ma) Ivisaartoq greenstone belt in southern West Greenland includes variably deformed and metamorphosed pillow basalts, ultramafic flows (picrites), serpentinized ultramafic rocks, gabbros, sulphide-rich siliceous layers, and minor siliciclastic sedimentary rocks. Primary magmatic features such as concentric cooling-cracks and drainage cavities in pillows, volcanic breccia, ocelli interpreted as liquid immiscibility textures in pillows and gabbros, magmatic layering in gabbros, and clinopyroxene cumulates in ultramafic flows are well preserved in low-strain domains. The belt underwent at least two stages of calc-silicate metasomatic alteration and polyphase deformation between 2963 and 3075 Ma. The stage I metasomatic assemblage is composed predominantly of epidote (now mostly diopside) + quartz + plagioclase ± hornblende ± scapolite, and occurs mainly in pillow cores, pillow interstitials, and along pillow basalt-gabbro contacts. The origin of this metasomatic assemblage is attributed to seafloor hydrothermal alteration. On the basis of the common presence of epidote inclusions in diopside and the local occurrence of epidote-rich aggregates, the stage I metasomatic assemblage is interpreted as relict epidosite. The stage II metasomatic assemblage occurs as concordant discontinuous layered calc-silicate bodies to discordant calc-silicate veins commonly associated with shear zones. The stage II metasomatic assemblage consists mainly of diopside + garnet + amphibole + plagioclase + quartz ± vesuvianite ± scapolite ± epidote ± titanite ± calcite ± scheelite. Given that the second stage of metasomatism is closely associated with shear zones and replaced rocks with an early metamorphic fabric, its origin is attributed to regional dynamothermal metamorphism. The least altered pillow basalts, picrites, gabbros, and diorites are characterized by LREE-enriched, near-flat HREE, and HFSE (especially Nb)-depleted trace element patterns, indicating a subduction zone geochemical signature. Ultramafic pillows and cumulates display large positive initial ε_Nd values of + 1.3 to + 5.0, consistent with a strongly depleted mantle source. Given the geological similarities between the Ivisaartoq greenstone belt and Phanerozoic forearc ophiolites, we suggest that the Ivisaartoq greenstone belt represents Mesoarchean supra-subduction zone oceanic crust.     

石狮市基础控制网探讨

随着国民经济建设的高速发展与现代测绘技术的迅猛发展,石狮市现有的大地控制成果无论在其精度与现势性方面均无法满足城市建设的需要,为解决急需,充分发挥基础控制网在国民经济建设基础与先行作用,迫切需要加强石狮市基础测绘工作。本文根据现代测绘技术结合石狮市基础控制网发展要求,对石狮市基础控制网,包括控制基准、大地水准面精化等进行系统研讨,为项目实施提供参考。