A Wind Tunnel Investigation of the Shear Stress with A Blowing Sand Cloud

In a blowing sand system,the wind provides the driving forces for the particle movement while the moving particles exert the opposite forces to the wind by extracting its momentum.The wind-sand interaction that can be characterized by shear stress and force exerted on the wind by moving particles results in the modification of wind profiles.Detailed wind pro-files re-adapted to blown sand movement are measured in a wind tunnel for different grain size populations and at differ-ent free-stream wind velocities.The shear stress with a blowing sand cloud and force exerted on the wind by moving par-ticles are calculated from the measured wind velocity profiles.The results suggest that the wind profiles with presence of blowing sand cloud assume convex-upward curves on the u(z)-ln(z) plot compared with the straight lines characterizing the velocity profiles of clean wind,and they can be better fitted by power function than log-linear function.The exponent of the power function ranging from 0.1 to 0.17 tends to increase with an increase in wind velocity but decrease with an increase in particle size.The force per unit volume exerted on the wind by blown sand drift that is calculated based on the empirical power functions for the wind velocity profiles is found to decrease with height.The particle-induced force makes the total shear stress with blowing sand cloud partitioned into air-borne stress that results from the wind velocity gradient and grain-borne stress that results from the upward or downward movement of particles.The air-borne stress in-creases with an increase in height,while the grain-borne stress decreases with an increase in height.The air-borne shear stress at the top of sand cloud layer increases with both wind velocity and grain size,implying that it increases with sand transport rate for a given grain size.The shear stress with a blowing sand cloud is also closely related to the sand transport rate.Both the total shear stress and grain-borne stress on the grain top is directly proportional to the squ     

河北大庙铁矿床黑云母40Ar/39Ar年龄及其地质意义

文章以野外观察为基础确定了致矿侵入体,以岩相学特征确立了测年样品的代表性。在此基础上,选取大庙铁矿大乌素沟矿区浸染状铁矿石中的黑云母进行了40Ar/39Ar年龄测定,坪年龄为(395.8±3.7) Ma,反等时线年龄为(395.6±4.0) Ma(2σ; MSWD=0.9; n=8)。因此,大庙铁矿及其致矿苏长岩的形成年龄约为396 Ma,相当于中泥盆世,而不是前人所认为的元古宙。新的测年结果与区域上近年来陆续识别出来的泥盆纪侵入岩类形成年龄一致,不仅表明华北克拉通的改造过程至少从泥盆纪就已经开始,而且暗示华北克拉通北缘仍有寻找其他“大庙式铁矿”的潜力。同时,文章提出,用成岩年龄作为成矿年龄时,需要有可靠的地质学和岩相学证据。 关键词：大庙式铁矿;斜长岩;苏长岩;40Ar/39Ar定年;成矿年代;华北克拉通     

Identification of geologic contrasts from landscape dissection pattern: An application to the Cascade Range, Oregon, USA

This paper demonstrates the plausibility of inferring the spatial variability of geology from topographically derived landscape dissection patterns. This enables surveying large regions for spatial variability in geology, for which direct remote sensing is not feasible, by studying variability in dissection pattern, a feature extracted straight off from digital elevation model data. Dissection pattern is obtained automatically by a novel algorithm, especially designed to delineate the valleys with high accuracy in order to reflect spatial variability in dissection density. The dissection pattern is encapsulated by a continuous map of drainage density, a raster variable best suited for showing spatial variability of dissection. Such a map, constructed for the study area in the Cascade Range, Oregon, USA, shows a sharp discontinuity in the dissection pattern, indicating change in underlying geology. Possible factors controlling the dissection pattern such as climate, local and regional slopes, vegetation, and geology are examined, and geology has been found to be the dominant controlling factor. The dissection contrast coincides with the boundary between the Western and High Cascades, two geologic provinces with different rock ages and types. The older and less permeable Western Cascades are associated with denser dissection pattern, whereas the younger and more permeable High Cascades correspond to less dissected pattern. This new mapping method can be applied to locations where topography is the only readily available data, and the generated map could be used to extract previously unknown geologic or environmental information.     

The Kangding earthquake swarm of November, 2014

There was an earthquake swarm of two major events of MS6.3 and MS5.8 on the Xianshuihe fault in November, 2014. The two major earthquakes are both strike-slip events with aftershock zone along NW direction.We have analyzed the characteristics of this earthquake sequence. The b value and the h value show the significant variations in different periods before and after the MS5.8earthquake. Based on the data of historical earthquakes, we also illustrated the moderate-strong seismic activity on the Xianshuihe fault. The Kangding earthquake swarm manifests the seismic activity on Xianshuihe fault may be in the late seismic active period. The occurrence of the Kangding earthquake may be an adjustment of the strong earthquakes on the Xianshuihe fault. The Coulomb failure stress changes caused by the historical earthquakes were also given in this article. The results indicate that the earthquake swarm was encouraged by the historical earthquakes since1893, especially by the MS7.5 Kangding earthquake in1955. The Coulomb failure stress changes also shows the subsequent MS5.8 earthquake was triggered by the MS6.3earthquake.     

地磁加卸载响应比方法最佳阈值研究

地磁加卸载响应比方法(LURR)是从测震学中移植过来的、用于地震中期分析预测的一种地磁学方法。笔者应用红山地震台地磁数字化观测数据进行了地磁加卸载响应比的计算分析,经过统计得出在阈值选择为3.0时对地震进行预测的效果比较好,其与地震的对应概率为42%。同时,笔者还认为可能受限于方法本身及外界因素,地磁加卸载响应比方法在进行地震预测时,其虚报率及漏报率较高。     

Influences of Al,Mg, and K on Calculating Concentrations of Other Formation Elements and Their Corrections in Geochemical Logging

In geochemical logging, the standard capture gamma-ray spectra of Al, Mg, and K have no distinct characteristic energy peaks. This feature easily influences the spectral bands of characteristic peaks of other elements and thus affects the accuracy of calculating their concentrations. To study this influence, we constructed a model formation containing Al, Mg, and K, and employed the Monte Carlo N Particle Transport Code (MCNP) program to simulate their capture spectra. The results indicate that the calculated dry weights of Si are almost free from the influences of Mg, K, and Al. The ones of Ca and Fe are influenced, but only to a minor extent. The dry weight of S is concurrently influenced. Specifically, the K concentration causes S concentration to deviate significantly from its real concentration. By correcting for such influences, we can obtain relatively accurate values. Data processing for a real well validates the finding that Mg, Al, and K in the formation influence the precision of calculation of other elements and also testifies to the effectiveness of the correction method.     

四川盆地及邻区下寒武统龙王庙组颗粒滩沉积特征与空间分布

通过对区域地质调查剖面资料和钻井资料的研究,结合对部分野外剖面与钻井岩心的系统观察和取样分析,发现四川盆地及邻区下寒武统龙王庙组的颗粒滩主要由颗粒石灰岩(白云岩)和晶粒白云岩构成;颗粒滩以未暴露浅滩为主,发育向上变浅和向上变深2类垂向序列。川中古隆起和黔中古隆起北部地区的颗粒滩的横向规模大、层位稳定性和连续性最好,其余地区颗粒滩多表现为点滩且规模较小。研究区龙王庙期总体上为西浅东深,西南缘、西北缘和北缘为古陆环抱,盆内呈“一隆两坳”的古地理格局。颗粒岩在古地貌高地具有广覆式“五线一带”的平面分布样式。川中古隆起、黔中古隆起北部地区是颗粒滩发育最有利的地区,东北部和东南部的水下岛链区是优质颗粒滩带发育的潜在区。古隆起发育演化对颗粒滩和有利储集相带具有明显的控制效应,次一级海平面升降变化影响滩体的垂向叠置样式和横向连续性。     

可控震源记录中的脉冲噪声分析

噪声分析一直是地震资料信噪比得以改善的重要基础方法。可控震源向地下输入瞬时低能量信号, 易受到可控震源系统内部以及背景中的瞬时脉冲噪声(如电噪声、震动噪声等)的干扰。用于提取有效信号的相关检测方法将脉冲噪声的干扰范围扩大, 严重影响了对可控震源有效信号的提取。为了从理论上分析脉冲噪声对可控震源相关记录的干扰, 通过仿真实验, 系统分析了单点脉冲和多点脉冲噪声对相关记录中可控震源信号的干扰程度和特点。结果表明, 可控震源相关记录中的信号主要受脉冲噪声强度、所在时间位置以及可控震源非相关记录脉冲点数比例三方面因素影响, 脉冲噪声所占记录的比例大于2.5%且平均强度高于100时, 相关检测后的可控震源信号会完全被噪声淹没。     

麦哲伦戈沃罗夫盖特平顶海山钴结壳资源评价

为能科学、快速量化地圈定出大洋海山钴结壳优质矿区,笔者基于国际海底管理局提出的矿区选取模型,利用我国西太平洋海山钴结壳资源调查的公开的拖网采样资料,综合钴结壳的分布规律和证据权法所得海山钴结壳资源预测后验概率图,将西太平洋麦哲伦海山区戈沃罗夫盖特平顶海山圈定为钴结壳资源前景较好的远景区,并采用人机交互式的矿区圈定方法圈定出符合国际海底管理局规章要求的7个群组共100个钴结壳矿块。据此估算出戈沃罗夫盖特平顶海山湿结壳资源量为69 487.6×10⁴ t;圈定的100个矿块主要分布在2 000~3 000 m斜坡上,湿结壳资源量为14 092×10⁴ t,干结壳资源量为9 789.35×10⁴ t;锰金属量为1 961.3×10⁴ t,铜金属量为10.17×10⁴ t,钴金属量为54.06×10⁴ t,镍金属量为34.87×10⁴ t。这些数据表明,戈沃罗夫盖特平顶海山规模较大,钴结壳资源前景潜力大,可作为钴结壳深入调查和矿区申请备选海山。