Carbon sinks/sources in the Yellow and East China Seas—Air-sea interface exchange,dissolution in seawater,and burial in sediments

The sinks/sources of carbon in the Yellow Sea(YS) and East China Sea(ECS), which are important continental shelf seas in China, could exert a great influence on coastal ecosystem dynamics and the regional climate change process. The CO_2 exchange process across the seawater-air interface, dissolved and particulate carbon in seawater, and carbon burial in sediments were studied to understand the sinks/sources of carbon in the continental shelf seas of China. The YS and the ECS generally have different patterns of seasonal air-sea CO_2 exchange. In the YS, regions west of 124°E can absorb CO_2 from the atmosphere during spring and winter, and release CO_2 to the atmosphere during summer and autumn. The entire YS is considered as a CO_2 source throughout the year with respect to the atmosphere, but there are still uncertainties regarding the exact air-sea CO_2 exchange flux. Surface temperature and phytoplankton production were the key controlling factors of the air-sea CO_2 exchange flux in the offshore region and nearshore region of the YS, respectively. The ECS can absorb CO_2 during spring, summer, and winter and release CO_2 to the atmosphere during autumn. The annual average exchange rate in the ECS was-4.2±3.2 mmol m~(-2) d~(-1) and it served as an obvious sink for atmospheric CO_2 with an air-sea exchange flux of 13.7×10~6 t. The controlling factors of the air-sea CO_2 exchange in the ECS varied significantly seasonally. Storage of dissolved inorganic carbon(DIC) and dissolved organic carbon(DOC) in the YS and the ECS were 425×10~6 t and 1364×10~6 t, and 28.2×10~6 t and 54.1×10~6 t,respectively. Long-term observation showed that the DOC content in the YS had a decreasing trend, indicating that the "practical carbon sink" in the YS was decreasing. The total amount of particulate organic carbon(POC) stored in the YS and ECS was10.6×10~6 t, which was comparable to the air-sea CO_2 flux in these two continental shelf seas. The amounts of carbon sequestered by phytoplankton in the YS and the ECS were 60.42×10~6 t and 153.41×10~6 t, respectively. Artificial breeding of macroalgae could effectively enhance blue carbon sequestration, which could fix 0.36×10~6–0.45×10~6 t of carbon annually. Organic carbon(OC) buried in the sediments of the YS was estimated to be 4.75×10~6 t, and OC of marine origin was 3.03×10~6 t, accounting for5.0% of the TOC fixed by phytoplankton primary production. In the ECS, the corresponding depositional flux of OC in the sediment was estimated to be 7.4×10~6 t yr~(-1), and the marine-origin OC was 5.5×10~6 t, accounting for 5.4% of the phytoplankton primary production. Due to the relatively high average depositional flux of OC in the sediment, the YS and ECS have considerable potential to store a vast amount of "blue carbon."     

东海季节性低氧海区柱状沉积物中氧化还原敏感元素对沉积环境变化的响应

氧化还原敏感元素(Redox Sensitive Elements,RSE)如V、Cr、Mo、U等,通常在氧化条件下呈溶解态,在还原沉积环境中除Fe、Mn外,RSE被还原成低价态转移至沉积物中富集积累,因此可以利用氧化还原敏感元素在沉积物中的富集情况反演沉积环境的氧化还原状况。本文通过研究东海内陆架季节性低氧海区Zb7沉积柱中氧化还原敏感元素V、Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、Mo、U的垂直分布、富集特征和比值,探究沉积环境氧化还原状况;发现RSE/Al和富集系数自1978年以来呈增加的趋势,但自2009年开始有所降低,整体RSE富集系数均小于3,未见明显富集。RSE比值V/Cr<2、Ni/Co<5、U/Th<0.75、0.25<(Cu+Mo)/Zn<0.55,以及Mo_EF/U_EF比值主要分布在0.08～0.3倍海水Mo/U值之间,均指示氧化的沉积环境。RSE/Al与Fe/Al、Mn/Al具有显著的相关性,表明RSE在剔除陆源碎屑输入后,主要通过与Fe、Mn氧化物结合进入沉积物,也指示氧化的沉积环境。研究结果与该区域溶解氧历史数据反映的季节性低氧结果不一致,可能与RSE在夏季季节性低氧时,沉积物中的富集信号在秋冬季溶氧水平恢复后缺失有关。尽管RSE不能有效指示东海季节性低氧环境,但Zb7沉积柱RSE在1978年后富集程度的增加以及2011年后的降低,在一定程度上反映了该区域自1978年后季节性低氧程度加重,2009年后又有所缓解的变化趋势。     

防振锤对深水导管架圆管风致涡激振动抑制研究

研究了阻尼防振锤对深水导管架圆管风致涡激振动的抑制。建立了防振锤动力学模型,分析了防振锤的动力学特性;将在建深水导管架圆管简化为固支梁,建立了结构有限元模型,通过瞬态分析计算了圆管的振动幅值;在圆管中部添加防振锤,分析了防振锤对圆管振动的抑制效果;进行了现场测试,对比了数值模拟和实际测试管道的振动响应。研究表明,文中设计的防振锤可以有效地抑制圆管的涡激共振;数值模拟结果与测试结果非常接近,验证了数值分析方法的有效性。     

青藏高原夏季一次冰雹过程的微物理特征

为提高青藏高原冰雹过程中降水特征的认识,利用雨滴谱数据并结合探空、雷达、FY-4A卫星和分钟降水资料,分析了2020年7月23日拉萨降雹过程的微物理特征。结果表明：在降水演变特征方面,雨量计分钟降水量与DSG5降水天气现象仪接近,但开始和结束时间、降水峰值及总降水量略有差异。此次过程中雨滴、冰雹的平均谱分布拟合曲线呈单调下降,雨滴谱符合Γ分布,雹谱符合M-P分布。降雹初期,降水粒子以小粒子居多,主要由雨滴下落中的蒸发所致;降雹后期,降水粒子谱宽变大,碰撞破碎和霰粒融化产生大〖JP2〗量的小雨滴引起粒子数浓度剧增,数浓度增多和滴谱变宽导致雨强增大。冰雹的数浓度仅占总降水粒子数浓度的1.6%,但对地面降水量的贡献最大。根据观测,拟合得到冰雹平均末速度与直径的关系公式。     

2016年南极中山站固定冰冰厚观测分析

极区海冰是全球气候系统的重要组成部分,南极的固定冰普遍存在于其沿海地区,中山站周边固定冰一般在11月中下旬达到最厚。海冰厚度是海冰的重要参数之一,2016年在南极中山站附近3个站点(S1、S2、S3站点)共布放了4套温度链浮标,包括1套SIMBA (Snow and Ice Mass Balance Array)温度链浮标和3套太原理工大学温度链浮标(TY温度链浮标),SIMBA温度链浮标每天观测4次,TY温度链浮标每小时观测1次。利用浮标观测的温度剖面以及海冰和海水间不同介质温度差异计算得到海冰厚度。在S3站点,同时布放了SIMBA温度链浮标和TY温度链浮标。温度链浮标计算冰厚和人工钻孔观测冰厚比较结果显示,S1站点TY温度链浮标计算的海冰厚度平均误差和均方根误差分别为3.3 cm和14.7 cm,S2站点和S3站点分别为6.6 cm、6.9 cm以及4.0 cm、4.8 cm。S3站点的SIMBA温度链浮标计算冰厚和人工观测冰厚的平均误差和均方根误差为8.2 cm和9.7 cm。因而S3站点TY温度链浮标计算的海冰厚度更接近人工观测的结果。进一步对Stefan定律海冰生长模型进行对比,模型计算得到的海冰生长率为0.1～0.8 cm/d,生长率快于TY温度链浮标的结果,且受积雪影响明显。相比于卫星遥感反演冰厚的误差和观测时段的限制以及有限的人工观测,2种温度链浮标未来对于中山站附近海冰的长期监测均有重要的应用价值。     

云计算下的ArcGIS Server应用探析

云计算是分布式计算技术的一种。介绍云计算的基本概念及其在GIS领域的应用,从Arc-GIS的云计算部署模型、ArcGIS的云计算解决方案以及云端缓冲技术3个方面探析云计算与GIS相结合的应用方法,并以ArcGIS Server与Amazon的云计算为例进行分析。     

Assessment of Geological Security and Integrated Assessment Geo‐environmental Suitability in Worst‐hit Areas in Wenchuan Quake

Abstract: The Wenchuan earthquake in 2008 and geo-hazards triggered by the earthquake caused large injuries and deaths as well as destructive damage for infrastructures like construction, traffic and electricity. It is urgent to select relatively secure areas for townships and cities constructed in high mountainous regions with high magnitude earthquakes. This paper presents the basic thoughts, evaluation indices and evaluation methods of geological security evaluation, water and land resources security demonstration and integrated assessments of geo-environmental suitability for reconstruction in alp and ravine with high magnitude earthquakes, which are applied in the worst-hit areas (12 counties). The integrated assessment shows that: (1) located in the Longmenshan fault zone, the evaluated area is of poor regional crust stability, in which the unstable and second unstable areas account for 79% of the total; (2) the geo-hazards susceptibility is high in the evaluation area. The spots of geo-hazards triggered by earthquake are mainly distributed along the active fault zone with higher distribution in the moderate and high mountains area, in which the areas of high and moderate susceptibility zoning accounts for 40.1% of the total; (3) geological security is poor in the evaluated area, in which the area of the unsuitable construction occupies 73.1%, whereas in the suitable construction area, the areas of geological security, second security and insecurity zoning account for 8.3%, 9.3% and 9.3% of the evaluated area respectively; (4) geo-environmental suitability is poor in the evaluated area , in which the areas of suitability and basic suitability zoning account for 3.5% and 7.3% of the whole evaluation area.     

土地利用生态系统服务研究进展及启示

本文从生态系统服务定义与分类、生态系统服务评价、生态系统服务与社会发展的关系研究等方面综述了相关研究进展.认为国外研究对不同用地生态系统服务价值的测算有相对完整的方法体系,注重不同空间尺度的定量模型与空间模型研究,针对非物质性生态系统服务价值的研究较为深入.国内生态系统服务研究主要集中在生态服务价值评估的修正模型、以景观生态演进为基础的个案地区等方面.当前在生态系统服务与社会人文相结合方面尚属起步,对生态系统服务价值评估应用于国土空间规划管理仍处于探索阶段.有必要建立反映二者内在关联的理论与方法体系,为国土空间规划与社会可持续发展管理提供依据.     

Meridional Variation of the 1955-2003 Sea Level Anomalies in the Tropical Pacific Ocean Associated with El Nifio Events

The Sea Level Anomaly-Torque （SLAT, relative to a reference location in the Pacific Ocean）, which means the total torque of the gravity forces of sea waters with depths equal to the Sea Level Anomaly （S/A） in the tropical Pacific Ocean, is defined in this study. The time series of the SLAT from merged altimeter data （1993-2003） had a great meridional variation during the 1997-1998 E1 Nifio event. By using historical upper layer temperature data （1955-2003） for the tropical Pacific Ocean, the temperature-based SLAT is also calculated and the meridional variation can be found in the historical E1 Nifio events （1955-2003）, which suggests that the meridional shifts of the sea level anomaly are also intrinsic oscillating modes of the E1 Nifio cycles like the zonal shifts.     

水母(沙海蜇)降解与营养盐(氮、磷)释放的模拟与实证

The aim of this study was to investigate nitrogen and phosphorus released in the process of the decomposition of giant jellyfish in the laboratory and found the evidence to verify the influence of nutrients released by the decomposition of jellyfish on the ecosystem in the field. The release of nitrogen and phosphorus from the decomposition of Nemopilema nomurai was examined in a series of experiments under different incubation conditions such as different p H values, salinity values, temperatures and nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations. The results showed that the complete decomposition of Nemopilema nomurai generally took about 4–8 d. The release of nitrogen and phosphorus from the decomposition of Nemopilema nomurai could be divided into two stages: the early stage and the later stage, although the efflux rate of nitrogen was one order more than phosphorus. In the early stage of the decomposition of Nemopilema nomurai, the concentrations of dissolved nitrogen, dissolved phosphorus, total nitrogen and total phosphorus in seawater increased rapidly, and the concentration of nitrogen could reach the highest level in the whole degradation process. In the later stage of the decomposition, the concentrations of dissolved nitrogen and total nitrogen declined slowly, while the concentration of phosphorus in water could reach a maximum in the degradation process. High p H, low salinity,high temperature and N/P will promote the release of nitrogen; low p H is unfavorable to the release of nitrogen but favorable to the release of phosphorus. In addition, we found the concentrations of ammonium and phosphate in the bottom water were higher than those in the surface water during the period of jellyfish bloom in the Jiaozhou Bay, proving that nutrients released by the decomposition of jellyfish have significant influence on nitrogen and phosphorus in the field. For the whole Yellow Sea, nutrients released by jellyfish carcasses may reach up to(2.63±2.98)×107 mol/d of dissolved nitrogen(DN) and(0.74±0.84)×106 mol/d of dissolved phosphorus(DP) during the period of jellyfish bloom. The values are comparable to riverine inputs in a day, but much higher than sediment–water exchange flux in the Yellow Sea. The great amounts of nutrients must have significant influence on the nutrients balance of the Yellow Sea during the period of jellyfish dead and decomposition. Both the experimental data and field observations proved that the decomposition of jellyfish may release a great amount of nutrient to the surrounding environment during the period of jellyfish decomposition.