基于羟基自由基高级氧化快速杀灭锥状斯氏藻孢囊的研究

随着船舶压载水的转运,我国面临严重的外来入侵生物风险,其中部分赤潮藻形成的孢囊可成为赤潮的"种源",严重危害近岸海洋环境,因而快速有效地杀灭赤潮藻孢囊至关重要。本文利用大气压强电离放电高效生成的羟基自由基（·OH）,对典型赤潮藻锥状斯氏藻孢囊进行杀灭研究。采用萌发实验、SYTOX Green荧光染色法确定·OH杀灭锥状斯氏藻孢囊的阈值和时间,扫描电子显微镜观察孢囊的形态变化。结果表明,·OH杀灭孢囊的CT阈值为0.49 mg·min/L,时间为10 s,·OH氧化降解孢囊体内叶绿素,破坏DNA,抑制萌发,具有其他方法无法比拟的优势。因此,·OH快速杀灭赤潮藻孢囊的新方法,对防控外来入侵生物引发的海洋赤潮灾害具有重要的作用。     

冲绳海槽中部表层沉积物的地球化学特征和物原判识

研究样品由“向阳红16”号于1992年6～7月间取自冲绳海槽中部.对表层沉积物的地球化学数据的因子分析和典型化学组分的相关分析结果表明,冲绳海槽中部表层沉积物主要包括陆架来源、生物源和火山热液源组分,且以陆源组分为主;运用修正的富集团子(EF)分析结果表明,沉积物中陆源、生物源、火山热液源组分在不同区域的相对分布是显着不同的.     

贵州省煤炭资源优度评价

基于贵州省煤炭资源分布和赋存特点,构建了煤炭资源评价体系。运用灰色聚类分析方法,对贵州省166个勘查区进行分析评价,确定其优劣顺序。结果表明:单元优度值介于44.46~83.13,各单元间差异不大;贵州省具有良好的煤炭资源条件,“优”和“良”级资源占参评总资源量一半以上;煤炭资源在毕节和六盘水分布优势明显,适于优先带动开发。     

A meta-analysis of the impacts of forest logging on soil CO_2 efflux

Soil CO_2 efflux, the second largest flux in a forest carbon budget, plays an important role in global carbon cycling. Forest logging is expected to have large effects on soil CO_2 efflux and carbon sequestration in forest ecosystems. However, a comprehensive understanding of soil CO_2 efflux dynamics in response to forest logging remains elusive due to large variability in results obtained across individual studies. Here, we used a meta-analysis approach to synthesize the results of 77 individual field studies to determine the impacts of forest logging on soil CO_2 efflux. Our results reveal that forest logging significantly stimulated soil CO_2 efflux of the growing season by 5.02%. However, averaged across all studies, nonsignificant effect was detected following forest logging. The large variation among forest logging impacts was best explained by forest type, logging type, and time since logging. Soil CO_2 efflux in coniferous forests exhibited a significant increase(4.38%) due to forest logging, while mixed and hardwood forests showed no significant change. Logging type also had a significant effect on soil CO_2 efflux, with thinning increasing soil CO_2 efflux by 12.05%, while clear-cutting decreasing soil CO_2 efflux by 8.63%. The time since logging also had variable effects, with higher soil CO_2 efflux for 2 years after logging, and lower for 3-6 years after logging; when exceeded 6 years, soil CO_2 efflux increased. As significantly negative impacts of forest logging were detected on fine root biomass, the general positive effects on soil CO_2 efflux can be explained by the accelerated decomposition of organic matter as a result of elevated soil temperature and organic substrate quality. Our results demonstrate that forest logging had potentially negative effects on carbon sequestration in forest ecosystems.     

青海煤炭资源勘查开发的生态地质条件分析

本文基于对青海省内不同含煤盆地资源赋存地质规律的认识,结合赋煤构造单元划分和生态功能分区方案,将青海省划分为沙漠戈壁、草甸湿地、高原山地、冰川河源和高山河谷五大生态赋煤区,研究和分析了不同赋煤区的资源、生态和经济特征,提出研究资源勘查开发与生态环境保护、经济发展之间的关系,认为柴北缘沙漠戈壁生态赋煤区下一步资源勘查勘查开发的重点区域,祁连山草甸湿地生态赋煤区需在做好生态保护的前提下开展资源勘查开发,其他分区的资源均在资源、经济与生态方面不同时具备条件。     

The characteristics of the seismic signals induced by landslides using a coupling of discrete element and finite difference methods

Landslide seismic signals support researchers to estimate magnitudes and locations of landslides. They can serve as a crucial data for landslide warning systems. However, the randomness of landslide locations makes the acquisition of landslide-induced seismic signals difficult and limits the number of available field data. The objectives of this study are to establish a numerical modeling approach to examine the characteristics of seismic signals induced by landslides and perform parametrical study. The two-dimensional particle flow code (PFC) and Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua (FLAC) are coupled to simulate the landslide process. The force and velocity data at the coupled interfaces of FLAC and PFC are transferred back and forth via a Socket I/O connection. Four locations were monitored for the induced vertical seismic signals, including velocity, acceleration, and stress histories. The signals were analyzed by Hilbert-Huang transform to obtain the time-frequency spectrograms for examining the characteristics of the signals. The particle size, wall friction, particle friction, and parallel bond of PFC input parameters were parametrically investigated. The Xiaolin landslide in 2009 was successfully simulated, and the characteristics of the seismic signals were studied and compared with the data from a broadband seismic station. These results demonstrate that terrain and transition in the movement type of a complex landslide do influence the seismic signals. A landslide with larger rock particles generates lower-frequency content seismic signals. Also, there can be approximately 40 s to escape before a large-scale landslide hits if seismic instrumentation is installed. The method proposed can be further applied for studies on many other large-scale rock avalanches to verify recorded signals and further correlate the signals with the landslide characteristics.     

Formation of chlorite rims and the impact of pore-lining chlorite on reservoir quality: a case study from Shiqianfeng sandstones in upper Permian of Dongpu Depression,Bohai Bay Basin,eastern China

The source material, precursor and formation processes of chlorite rims, and impact of pore-lining chlorite on reservoir quality of the Shiqianfeng sandstones, Dongpu Depression, Bohai Bay Basin, China, are studied using an integrated approach, including core observation, point-count analysis of thin-sections, scanning electron microscopy, electron microprobe analysis and cathode luminescence. The petrographic analysis shows that chlorite rims consist of grain-coating chlorite, poorly crystalline pore-lining chlorite and euhedral-crystallised pore-lining chlorite. The chemical composition shows that pore-lining chlorite is mainly Fe-rich with an average of 0.785 for Fe/(Fe+Mg) ratio. Petrographic analysis shows a large amount of volcanic dust (3.0～16.0 vol%, average of 7.93 vol%) in Shiqianfeng sandstones, which determines the formation of poorly crystalline pore-lining chlorite. Transformation of volcanic dust to smectite rims started with shallow burial depth at an early diagenetic stage, followed by in situ alteration of the smectite rims to poorly crystalline chlorite rims. Euhedral-crystallised chlorite mainly develops in sandstones with high porosity, high permeability and open flow systems. Pore-lining chlorite can inhibit quartz overgrowth but cannot effectively prevent pore-filling of authigenic quartz, carbonate and kaolinite cements, and therefore cannot prevent porosity destruction. However, the occurrence of pore-lining chlorite is a barometer of good reservoir quality and intense hydrodynamic conditions.     

公益性标准地图服务平台的建设与思考

以《地图管理条例》实施为契机,以服务公众和繁荣地图发展为宗旨,创新地图服务模式和机制,设计研发了公益性标准地图服务平台,发布了首批公益性标准地图。平台旨在为公众提供正确的地图数据和实用的地图服务,一方面提供了免费的中国地图、世界地图、专题地图等标准地图的下载服务,另一方面实现了公众在线自助制图功能。笔者以构建国家级公益性标准地图服务平台为目标,对如何为公众提供更优质的公益性地图服务进行了深入思考。     

鄂西走马地区南华纪古城期-南沱早期古气候和古氧相演化：来自细碎屑岩元素地球化学的证据

新元古代后期地球经历了至少两次全球规模的冰川期,分别为Sturtian冰期和Marinoan冰期。鄂西走马地区南华系古城组与南沱组分别属于Sturtian和Marinoan冰期沉积,大塘坡组代表间冰期沉积,同时,大塘坡期是我国重要的成锰时期。本文通过对走马地区ZK702钻孔岩心古城组、大塘坡组、南沱组底部细碎屑岩样品元素地球化学的研究,计算了CIA、CIW、PIA、Al/Ca、Rb/Sr、V/Cr、U/Th等特征值,探讨了该区南华纪冰期至间冰期的古气候和古氧相演化过程,结合岩石学证据认为：古城冰期气候寒冷干燥(CIA值从底部的69. 2过渡至57. 8,均值为62. 2),大塘坡间冰期早期气候依然寒冷(CIA值介于54. 3～62. 7,均值59. 7),大塘坡中晚期气候恢复温暖湿润并趋于稳定(CIA值介于70. 2～81. 1,均值75. 8),南沱冰期气候又转向寒冷干燥(CIA值由78. 6降低至61. 9),CIW、PIA、Rb/Sr值等指标反映的古气候演化过程与CIA值反映一致,Al/Ca值的变化也反映了陆源碎屑输入量随着古气候波动;V/Cr、U/Th、Ni/Co等比值反映出研究区古海洋古城期-南沱早期总体处于氧化环境,其中大塘坡早期处于弱氧化环境,古城期、大塘坡中晚期和南沱早期处于氧化环境;研究区大塘坡锰矿形成于间冰期早期寒冷气候下的弱氧化环境,气候转暖后锰矿停止沉积,锰矿成矿与古气候和古氧相具有耦合关系。     

有机化学物质碳氮稳定同位素系列标准物质研制

实验室和研究人员所使用的碳、氮同位素标准物质一般由国际原子能机构(IAEA)获得,然而近年来,随着碳氮同位素在实验室质量监控、方法评价、仪器校准等方面的广泛应用,市场需求量不断增加, IAEA研制的碳、氮同位素标准物质的种类与数量逐渐不能满足科学研究快速发展的需求。我国急需研制适应当今分析技术水平的有机质碳氮同位素国家标准物质用以进行质量监控、方法评价、仪器校准。为保证量值传递精度,本文研制了4个有机化学物质的碳氮稳定同位素标准物质,其中3个为尿素样品,1个为L-谷氨酸。经检验4种标准物质的均匀性通过F值检验,标准物质的δ~(13)C和δ~(15)N值经过一年的稳定性检验,特征量值变化在测量方法允许的不确定度范围内,由此判定δ~(13)C和δ~(15)N值稳定性良好。由包括研制单位实验室在内的12家实验室协同定值,采用高温燃烧-气体同位素质谱法测定了δ~(13)C和δ~(15)N值,系列标准物质δ~(13)C和δ~(15)N认定值区间呈梯度分布,δ~(13)C值为-40‰～0‰,δ~(15)N值为-10‰～30‰,涵盖了我国天然样品中有机质碳氮稳定同位素组成范围;研制的系列标准物质δ~(13)C的定值扩展不确定度不大于0.08‰,δ~(15)N的定值扩展不确定度不大于0.09‰,定值水平与国际标准物质相当。该系列标准物质已被国家质检总局批准为国家一级标准物质,批准号为GBW04494～GBW04497。可被用于地质、生态、环境等多种样品δ~(13)C和δ~(15)N比值测定时的分析监控、仪器校准、方法评价、质量保证和质量监控。