Palaeoclimatic implications of isotopic data from modern and early Holocene shells of the freshwater snail Melanoides tuberculata, from lakes in the Ethiopian Rift Valley

Carbon and oxygen isotope ratios in the shells of the freshwater snail Melanoides tuberculata yield information on the isotopic composition of the water in which the shell was formed, which in turn relates to climatic conditions prevailing during the snails' life span. Melanoides is particularly important because it is widespread in Quaternary deposits throughout Africa and Asia and is ubiquitous in both fresh and highly evaporated lakes. Whole-shell and incremental growth data were collected from modern and fossil shells from two lakes in the Ethiopian Rift Valley. 18O values in the modern shells from Lake Awassa are in equilibrium with modern waters, while 18O values in subfossil shells from the margins of Lake Tilo indicate high rainfall during the early Holocene. Sequential analysis along the growth spiral of the shell provides information on seasonal or shorter-term variability of lake water during the lifetime of the organism.     

Climatic and non-climatic effects on the δO and δC compositions of Lake Awassa, Ethiopia, during the last 6.5 ka

A comparison of a 6450 ¹⁴C yr δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C record of authigenic calcite from Lake Awassa, Ethiopia, with other proxy climate records in the area suggests that the lake records long-term regional climate changes. Co-varying and increasing δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C values from 4800 BP suggest an aridification of climate after the early Holocene insolation maximum. After 4000 BP, humid conditions return until after 2800 BP when δ¹⁸O increases again, reflecting more arid conditions recorded elsewhere in Ethiopia. In addition to these long-term changes, there are abrupt decreases in both δ¹⁸O_calcite and δ¹³C_calcite immediately after tephra layers. The likeliest explanation for these abrupt decreases in isotopes is the effect of tephra on the lake's catchment vegetation. δ¹⁸O, δ¹³C and lake-level measurements from Lake Awassa since the 1970s suggest that the lake is currently isotopically sensitive to short-term (annual–decadal) climate change. However, during this period, the catchment has undergone progressive deforestation that may have caused an increase in runoff. Caution is therefore required when reconstructing palaeoclimates as a contemporary lake may not always be a good analogue for lake hydrology in the past.     

河床冲刷粗化的随机模拟

对冲刷与粗化的相互作用机制进行了分析,并在非均匀沙床面暴露度的随机分布特性、流速分布及起动规律研究的基础上,提出了河床冲刷粗化的随机模型。该模型能同时对河床冲刷深度及粗化稳定级配进行计算。由实验及野外实测资料的验证表明,计算结果与实测值基本相符。     

Quantifying climatic change through the last glacial–interglacial transition based on lake isotope palaeohydrology from central Turkey

Questions remain as to the nature of climatic change through the last glacial–interglacial transition in the eastern Mediterranean region, particularly the relative contribution of evaporation and precipitation to regional water balance. Here changes in oxygen isotope values through this time period from Eski Acıgöl, a crater lake in central Turkey, are investigated using hydrological and isotope mass balance models. These allow changes in evaporation and precipitation to be quantified and their relative importance evaluated. We show that it is the volumetric flux rate of water passing through the lake system and not the precipitation-to-evaporation ratio per se which controlled the stable isotope record in Eski Acıgöl. Early Holocene precipitation is shown to be much greater than that during both the latter part of the last glaciation and the present day. We test these calculated values against other records in the same region, firstly with other lake records in Anatolia, the Konya basin and Lake Van, and secondly with isotope-inferred palaeo-precipitation data from Soreq cave in Israel. This reveals a contrast between pre- and post-LGM precipitation values in Turkey (wetter and drier, respectively) and also suggests that during the last glacial–interglacial transition there was a more marked precipitation gradient than at present between northern/interior and southern/coastal parts of the eastern Mediterranean region.     

藏东义敦地体早古生代构造格局：来自碎屑锆石U-Pb-Hf同位素的约束

位于藏东的义敦地体是研究青藏高原和古特提斯构造演化的关键区域,其在早古生代时期的古地理位置及构造演化过程尚不明确。沉积岩中碎屑锆石记录了物源区丰富的地质信息,被广泛应用于示踪沉积物源和古地理重建。本文对义敦地体三件下古生界浅变质沉积岩样品开展了碎屑锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年代学和Hf同位素研究,结果显示：三件样品均具有“多峰”的碎屑锆石年龄分布特征,其U-Pb年龄主要集中在约2535～2350 Ma、约1000～900 Ma、约890～750 Ma和约590～520 Ma四个区间,对应的ε_Hf(t)值分别为-8.8～13.1、-11.8～10.0、-20.1～12.6和-27.6～6.1。综合本次研究结果和前人数据,提出义敦地体下古生界变沉积岩中约2535～2350 Ma和约890～750Ma年龄段的锆石主要来自邻区松潘-甘孜地体和华南地块,而约1000～900 Ma和约590～520 Ma年龄段的碎屑锆石主要源自东冈瓦纳大陆Rayner-Eastern Ghats、Prydz-Darling和Kuunga造山带的岩浆岩。对比该地层与区内新元古界碎屑岩及相...     

甘肃龙首山红石泉正长岩地球化学特征及成因探讨

研究区红石泉位于龙首山成矿带西部,本次研究对区内正长岩进行系统的元素地球化学和年代学分析测试,理清其岩石成因,探讨其构造意义.结果 显示,红石泉正长岩样品的w(SiO2)为57.15％～65.03％,w(Al2O3)为14.31％～18.46％,相对高钾w(K2O)=4.55％～11.30％和富碱w(K2O+ Na2O)=10.48％～13.10％,K2O/Na2O比值为0.64～4.22,可归类为准铝质高钾碱性系列.岩石相对富集Rb,Th等大离子亲石元素与轻稀土,相对亏损Nb,Ta,P和Ti等高场强元素与重稀土,Eu(均值0.66)呈轻微负异常.锆石U-Pb定年指示其结晶年龄为416.00±0.17 Ma(MSWD=0.88).综合分析认为,红石泉正长岩的形成与壳幔岩浆混合作用密切相关.晚志留纪至早泥盆纪时,祁连—柴达木板块和阿拉善板块的碰撞造山作用进入后碰撞伸展阶段,地幔岩浆的底侵作用诱发了地壳熔融,从而形成壳源岩浆,而幔源岩浆与壳源岩浆的混合作用形成了红石泉正长岩的母岩浆.     

Mechanism of Overlying Crack-Stress Evolution When Mining on the Dual Fault Zone

Geotechnical and Geological Engineering - To study the fissure-stress evolution law of overburden rock in the process of working face advancing in the dual fault area. This paper took the...     

Earth fissures in Qinglong Graben in Yuncheng Basin,China

Qinglong Graben is located in southeastern Yuncheng Basin, China flanked by two north-east trending normal faults, where the geological condition is favourable for generating earth fissures. Since 1978, five earth fissures have formed in Qinglong Gaben. In the present work, a series of geological investigation consisting of site investigation, geological drilling and trench excavation was used to characterise and determine the reasons for the formation of the earth fissures. The site investigation indicated that the trend of the five earth fissures are parallel to the general strike of the normal fault, i.e., geological drilling and trench studies revealed that syn-sedimentary fault is the key reason for the formation of the earth fissures. Additionally, over-exploitation of groundwater and erosion process are important factors in the development and expansion of the earth fissures in Qinglong Graben. The earth fissures forming process in Qinglong Graben can be divided into three stages: the regional extension first caused normal faults under the surface, and then the pumping action of excessive groundwater induced the normal faults propagate to the surface, and finally the erosion promoted the formation of the current earth fissure.