Coordinative similitude law considering fluid‐structure interaction for underwater shaking table tests

Generally, when a model is made of the same material as the prototype in shaking table tests, the equivalent material density of the scaled model is greater than that of the prototype because mass is added to the model to satisfy similitude criteria. When the water environment is modeled in underwater shaking table tests, however, it is difficult to change the density of water. The differences in the density similitude ratios of specimen materials and water can affect the similitude ratios of the hydrodynamic and wave forces with those of other forces. To solve this problem, a coordinative similitude law is proposed for underwater shaking table tests by adjusting the width of the upstream face of the model or the wave height in the model test to match the similitude ratios of hydrodynamic and wave forces with those of other forces. The designs of the similitude relations were investigated for earthquake excitation, wave excitation, and combined earthquake and wave excitation conditions. Series of numerical simulations and underwater shaking table tests were performed to validate the proposed coordinative similitude law through a comparison of coordinative model and conventional model designed based on the coordinative similitude law and traditional artificial mass simulation, respectively. The results show that the relative error was less than 10% for the coordinative model, whereas it reached 80% for the conventional model. The coordinative similitude law can better reproduce the dynamic responses of the prototype, and thus, this similitude law can be used in underwater shaking table tests.     

Experimental research on macroscopic and mesoscopic evolution mechanism of land subsidence induced by groundwater exploitation

Natural Hazards - Land subsidence induced by groundwater exploitation is a typically multi-scale and multi-field coupling process. The adjustment process and action mechanism of soil mesostructure...     

亚洲夏季风爆发的基本气候特征分析

利用统一的亚洲热带夏季风爆发指标,重新制作了季风爆发日期的推进图,确证了亚洲热带夏季风最早在热带东印度洋与中印半岛中南部爆发的观点,这发生在26候(5月10日前后),28候(5月20日前后)在南海地区相继爆发,这两个地区的爆发是属同一季风系的不同爆发阶段.以后通过对海陆热力对比、季节内振荡等多方面的分析,对夏季风的爆发机制问题进行了深入的研究,提出了气候学意义下影响亚洲热带夏季风爆发的关键影响因子.在此基础上,给出了夏季风最早在热带东印度洋-中印半岛-南海地区爆发机理的一种概念模式图,即大气环流的季节进程是季风爆发的背景条件;而中印半岛及其邻近地区对流活动和感热与潜热加热的迅速增强与北推、印缅槽的强烈加深,以及高原东部地区的西风暖平流作用是夏季风爆发的主要驱动力,其结果是使经向温度梯度首先在这个地区反向并建立强的上升运动区,使热带季风和降水迅速发展和加强;来自不同源地的低频30-60 d和10-20 d季节内振荡的锁相则是夏季风爆发的一种触发因子,正是这些因子的共同作用导致了亚洲热带夏季风在这个地区的最早爆发.     

Why are halo coronal mass ejections faster?

Halo coronal mass ejections (CMEs) have been to be significantly faster than normal CMEs, which is a long-standing puzzle. In order to solve the puzzle, we first investigate the observed properties of 31 limb CMEs that clearly display loopshaped frontal loops. The observational results show a strong tendency that slower CMEs are weaker in white-light intensity. Then, we perform a Monte Carlo simulation of 20000 artificial limb CMEs that have an average velocity of ～523km s -1. The Thomson scattering of thes...     

中国近百年温度曲线的对比分析

 温度变化是全球变化研究中非常重要的基础性问题,在中国近百年温度变化方面,十几年来已取得了明显进展,这首先表现在建立了若干条全国平均气温序列,而几条主要序列间的相关系数在0.73～0.97之间。同时,这些进展也表现在基础资料质量提高、空间覆盖面扩大、序列均一性改善以及结果可靠性提高等方面。对多序列进行综合分析得到的新结果显示,1906-2005年中国的年平均气温上升了（0.78±0.27）℃,2007年是我国近百年来最暖的一年;代表性分析显示,现有的几条中国温度序列中除覆盖完整的序列外,其他序列在1920或1930年代以前可能主要反映中国东部变化情况,但在此之后则能较好地代表全国大部分地区的气候变化特征。     

ENSO事件对我国季节降水和温度的影响

对近40年来ENSO当年和次年我国季节降水和温度异常进行了合成分析和信度检验。结果表明，ENSO当年我国以少雨、低温为主，次年则相反。降水和温度异常季节变化也基本呈相反趋势。长江中下游地区显著降水异常并不发生在夏季，而在ENSO当年春、秋季和次年春季；东北地区最显著的低温也不在夏季，而在ENSO当年秋季至次年春季。根据本文结果对目前ENSO影响研究中的有关问题提出了看法。     

中国东北地区夏季旱涝的大气环流异常特征

利用东北地区均匀分布的69个测站35年(1961～1995年)夏季月平均降水资料和NCEP/NCAR 1958～1997年月平均再分析资料,对我国东北地区夏季旱涝发生的大气环流异常特征及其差异进行了诊断分析研究.结果表明,东北地区旱涝年夏季,高纬和极区大气环流特征、东北亚异常长波槽脊的分布和活跃程度、东亚大槽和西太平洋副热带高压的位置和强度等均有十分明显的差别.不仅如此,该区域夏季降水异常还显著地受到亚洲季风诸系统的影响,包括南亚季风,也包括南海季风和副热带季风,并且高空西风急流的位置和强度也有明显变化.涡度、散度、垂直速度和水汽含量等物理量特征在旱涝年不仅有截然相反的分布,而且还表现出与低纬地区存在着不同的联系方式.位于菲律宾以东洋面上行星尺度的高层辐散和低层辐合也有一定不同,并且受热带地区大气加热强度变化的影响,东北地区所在经度上的经圈环流在旱涝年也发生了明显变化,从而对该区域降水异常产生影响.     

地幔快速隆起对构造地震的触发作用

本文应用弹性半无限空间内均匀膨胀的球体对球上介质的作用,作为地幔快速上涌触发构造地震的力学模型。按照地面垂直位移的年变化率,利用这个模型反推出这种虚拟的膨胀球的半径和膨胀强度。並计算出它在地壳中产生的附加应力。尽管此种附加应力比驱动地壳水平运动的力要小得多,但它能在高倾角断层上引起张性的法向应力,而且在隆起区内还有较高的附加剪应力。这些应力比固体潮、地极移动和地球转速变化等因素产生的附加应力都大得多。因此,地幔快速上涌对构造地震的触发作用应该比上述诸因素更大。由于近十余年来我国不少地区的走滑型强震大都发生在地壳上隆区或者在其边缘,而且发震断层都是高倾角断层,因此,本文能够对此作粗浅的解释。     

The Impact of Large-Scale Reclamation on Hydro-Dynamic Environment——A Case Study of Xinghua Bay

A hydro-dynamic model is established on basis of MIKE21 FM to simulate the hydro-dynamic characteristics of Xinghua Bay and investigate the influence of reclamation project on the tidal elevation and tidal currents. Tidal elevation data was obtained at the six tide gauge stations around the Xinghua Bay, and another six current stations were established to observe the tidal current velocity and direction. Validation shows that the model-simulated tidal elevation and tidal currents agree well with observations made at different stations. Predictions are made according to the reclamation project proposed in the regional marine planning of Hanjiang Industrial Park around the port in Putian City. The variations of hydro-dynamic factors, such as tide, current velocity and direction and tidal influx are obtained, and the adverse effect of reclamation on marine environment is discussed. It is shown that the tidal level inside the Xinghua Bay during high tide decreases after the reclamation project is completed. The tidal currents during flooding tide generally decrease in the southeast of the reclamation region, with the maximum decreasing amplitude reaching 0.44 m s^-1. On the other hand, the tidal currents during flooding tide increase around the southeast and southwest corners of the reclamation region. The tidal currents during ebb tide increase around the southeast and southwest corners of the reclamation region, with the maximum increasing amplitude attaining 0.18 m s^-1. The results in this paper can give some guidance for the marine environment management and the effective utilization of land in Putian.     

Trace elements and stable isotopic geochemistry of an Early Cambrian chert-phosphorite unit from the lower Yurtus Formation of the Sugetbrak section in the Tarim Basin

A chert-phosphorite unit from the Sugetbrak section in the Tarim Basin was analyzed for rare earth elements (Ce, Eu), redox sensitive proxies, and carbon isotopic compositions (δ¹³C_carb and δ ¹³C_org) in the lower Yurtus Formation of the Early Cambrian period. Redox sensitive element ratios (Th/U, V/Cr, Ni/Co, and V/Sc) were employed to determine the palaeoenvironmental conditions during this period. The ratios indicated that the depositional environment of the chert-phosphorite-black shale unit ranged from suboxic to anoxic. Negative Ce and positive Eu anomalies in the chert-phosphorite assemblages of the studied Yurtus Formation indicated the existence of a redox-stratified ocean, similar to that of South China. Overturn or upward expansion of the deep water-mass probably reached the shallow marine zone after the formation of the Yurtus phosphorites. The characteristics of the negative Ce anomaly may be due to phosphoritic inheritance from the Ce-depleted signature of the overlying water column. Subsequent hydrothermal inputs and reduced detrital supplies of the deep water caused by the upwelling affected certain redox sensitive elements in the sedimentary basin. δ ¹³C_carb and δ¹³C_org negative excursions in the Yurtus chert-phosphorite unit may be related to a transgression phase when episodic basinal upwelling moved ¹²C- and P-rich waters from the pelagic basin floor to the continental shelf. Although carbon isotopic compositions in the Yurtus chert-phosphorite assemblages may have suffered from diagenetic alteration, they can be used to probe diagenetic conditions. Multi-proxy geochemical studies indicated that the δ ¹³C_carb values of the Yurtus chert-phosphorite assemblages might be considered reflections of a predominantly suboxic environment that was subsequently affected by hydrothermal inputs due to the upwelling.