基于受限汉语的GIS路径重建研究

主要研究基于自然语言 (汉语 )的GIS路径重建问题 ,通过分析带有路径表述信息的汉语文本 ,建立了汉语的NLRP句法模型 ,它是由带有空间语义的动作以及作为动作对象的地理要素构成的集合。考虑到自然语言理解实现的需求 ,论文基于NLRP句法模型定义了受限汉语的NLRP文法 ,在此基础上 ,描述了路径重建算法PRA ,并探讨了算法实现中由于空间认知原因带来的不确定性问题以及其解决方案。最后 ,基于该算法进行了相关实例研究 ,从而验证了该算法的正确性     

应用高光谱遥感数据估算土壤表层水分的研究

土壤水分是土壤的重要组成部分，它在陆地表层和大气之间的物质和能量交换方面扮演着重要角色，寻求快速而准确的方法估算土壤水分具有重要意义。通常，从可见光一近红外对土壤表层水分的估计多是建立在土壤水分与反射率的关系之上的。而在土壤水分含量不高时，土壤水分的增加使土壤光谱反射率在整个波长范围内降低，尤其在760nm，970nm，1190nm，1450nm，1940nm和2950nm等水分吸收波段，而在土壤水分含量较高时，土壤水分的增加会使土壤光谱反射率在某些光谱波段升高。而土壤水分的估计往往是基于土壤水分与土壤水分吸收波段的吸收强度之间的线性关系上，虽然这些经验的方法对于估算某些土壤的表层水分含量是有效的，但这些关系应用于其它条件(如不同种类土壤、土壤湿度变化范围很大的情况)时却面临很多困难，这与土壤的光谱反射率是由土壤的组成成分(土壤水分、有机质、氧化铁和粘土矿物等)的含量和它们在土壤中的分布密切相关。微分技术处理“连续”的光谱是遥感中常用的数学方法，微分技术能部分消除低频光谱成分的影响。现在微分光谱已广泛地应用于研究植被的生物物理参数、矿物和有机质等。然而利用微分光谱对土壤水分反演的研究却鲜见报道。本文通过对实验室中多种不同类型的土壤进行光谱与土壤表层水分含量进行观测，探讨了通过土壤反射率与微分光谱对土壤表层水分的反演方法。4种类型的土壤光谱数据(反射率(R)，反射率倒数的对数(log(1／R))，反射率的一阶微分光谱(dR／dλ)，反射率倒数的对数的一阶微分光谱(d(log(1／R))／dλ))与土壤表层水分之间的关系在本文中得到分析，R与log(1／R)对于不同土壤类型与土壤表层水分都很敏感，说明通过R与log(1／R)反演土壤表层水分受土壤类型的影响很大，而dR／dλ，d(log(1／R))／dλ)对土壤类型却不敏感，对土壤表层水分较为敏感，说明dR／dλ和d(log(1／R))／dλ)对于反演不同类型土壤具有很大的潜力，微分光谱与土壤水分在某些波段具有显著的相关性。通过随机对9种土壤(各具有4个土壤水分)的数据建立反演土壤水分的模型，并其他9种土壤(各具有4个土壤水分)的数据进行验证模型，结果表明，dR／dλ和d(log(1／R))／dλ)能够显著提高R与log(1／R)对于不同土壤类型土壤表层水分的反演精度，由于吸收过程是非线性的，在四种类型的土壤光谱数据中，总体来说，d(log(1／R))／dλ)具有最好的能力预测不同类型土壤的表层水分含量。     

利用热红外温差识别沙尘

沙尘识别是沙尘灾害监测和沙尘气溶胶特性研究的首要工作。利用辐射传输方程进行了沙尘气溶胶的辐射计算 ,对不同沙尘气溶胶光学厚度下的热红外通道温差ΔT(T11μm-T12 μm)的变化进行了分析。理论分析表明 ,利用热红外通道的温度差ΔT进行陆地沙尘识别是可行的。并利用NOAA AVHRR热红外通道的温度差ΔT进行了陆地沙尘识别的实验 ,经与地面气象站实测的沙尘天气现象相比较 ,结果一致。     

城市典型房屋屋顶构网及可视化研究

介绍了房屋屋顶构网及其三维显示的方法,给出了具体的数据结构及相应的算法流程以及房屋屋顶构网的三维显示结果.     

SAN技术在基础地理信息数据库系统建设中的应用

分析了基础地理信息数据库建设中对存储备份系统的需求和当前存储系统的组成及特点 ,提出了存储局域网在基础地理信息数据库系统建设中的应用方案 ,并介绍了其在陕西省基础地理信息数据库系统建设中的实现情况     

让“测量工具箱”帮助您

从工作实际出发,将测量过程中常用的计算和换算工作,用VisualBasic语言编写成计算程序,最后将各模块集成为一个“测量工具箱”,从而方便了测量工作者处理日常工作中的一些计算和换算问题。     

土地利用动态管理系统研发中的若干问题研究

土地利用管理是土地管理的核心内容之一。土地利用动态变化加剧了土地管理的压力，建设具有辅助决策功能的土地利用动态信息系统是大势所趋。本文在阐述建设此系统的重要意义基础上，讨论了系统研发中几个关键问题，即“动态”管理的实现、空间数据和属性数据集成管理和决策的初步实现等。本文提出的解决方法，对于类似土地信息系统的建设具有普遍的指导意义。     

基于数据融合的侧扫声纳图像预处理

论述了基于数据融合的侧扫声纳图像处理的特殊过程。根据现代侧扫声纳系统的特点，提出了利用声线跟踪法进行斜距改正，同时对目标阴影区进行了处理；对文献[1]的灰度不均衡的改正算法进行了改进。利用小波变换检测出灰度突变区，根据剔除突变区后计算的灰度改正系数进行航向上的灰度改正，并用模拟数据和实际数据进行了验证；鉴于波束展宽效应对远场目标造成的拖尾效应，论述了对拖尾效应使用的去卷积的改正算法。     

Recent progress of glaciological studies in China

Glacier inventory compilation during the past 20 years and modifications of that for the Eastern Pamir and Banggong Lake indicate that there are 46,342 modern glaciers with a total area and volume of 59415 km2 and 5601 km3 respectively in China. These glaciers can be classified into maritime and continental (including sub-continental and extremely continental) types. Researches show that glaciers in China have been retreating since the Little Ice Age and the mass wastage was accelerated during the past 30 to 40 years. Being an important part of glaciological studies in China, ice core climatic and environmental studies on Tibetan Plateau and in the Antarctica have provided abundant, high resolution information about past climatic and environmental evolution over the Tibetan Plateau and Antarctica. Except for different parameters recorded in ice cores relating to climate and environment changes on Tibetan Plateau, records from ice cores extracted from different glaciers show that the discrepancies in climatic and environmental changes on the north and south parts of the plateau may be the consequence of different influencing effects from terrestrial and solar sources. Glaciological and meteorological phenomena imply that Lambert Glacier valley is an important boundary of climate in the east Antarctica, which is thought to be connected with cyclonic activities and Circum-polar Waves over the Antarctica.     

Geographical distribution of ecological footprint and sustainability analysis for Liaoning Province

This paper presents the detailed results and analyses on the ecological footprints and bio-capacities of the individual cities and the province as a whole for the year 2001, providing a clear picture of sustainability for the province. Results show that the ecological footprints of most cities in Liaoning exceeded their respective bio-capacities, incurring high ecological deficits. The ecological deficit of the province as a whole was 1.31 ha/cap. Those cities with resources extraction and/or primary material-making as their major industries constitute the "ecologically black band", whose ecological deficits ranged from 2.45 to 5.23 ha/cap, the highest of all cities in the province. Fossil energy consumption was the major source of footprint amounting to 1.63 ha/cap at the provincial level, taking up 67.3% of the total. For cropland, modest ecological surpluses occurred in Jinzhou, Tieling, Huludao, and Panjin while modest ecological deficits in Dalian, Benxi, Fushun, and Dandong, resulting in an overall surplus for the province. Liaoning had a certain level of surplus in fishing ground (water area), mainly distributed in the coastal cities of Dalian, Panjin, Huludao, Yingkou, Jinzhou, and Dandong. Most cities had a small ecological deficit in pasture and all had a small ecological surplus in forest. The eco-efficiency, expressed as GDP value per hectare of footprint, exhibits high variations among the cities, with the highest (Shenyang) more than 10 times the lowest (Fuxin). Cities with manufacture, high-tech, and better developed service industries had high eco-efficiency, while those with resources extraction, primary material-making, and less developed service industries had low eco-efficiency. Based on the components and geographical distribution of ecological footprint, strategic policy implications are outlined for Liaoning's development toward a sustainable future.