地基微波辐射计遥感人工触发闪电的观测研究

为了深入研究雷电产生的微波热辐射特征,从2016年初夏开始利用地基微波辐射计在中国气象局雷电野外科学实验基地开展了连续4年的观测实验,根据雷电热效应的特征,制定了观测方案,并为地基微波辐射计设置了“引雷观测模式”。结果表明,地基微波辐射计具有对雷电热效应产生响应的能力。2017—2019年,辐射计一共成功捕获了30次人工触发闪电,观测效率逐年增长,平均为71.4 %;微波亮温脉冲幅度的最大值约125 K。结合其中28次触发事件的雷电流数据,分析了亮温脉冲幅度和雷电流积分量之间的相关性,并发现了最大亮温脉冲幅度与总电流作用积分之间可能存在指数关系。根据亮温观测数据估算了雷电热效应的持续时间,平均约0.5 s,其中25次触发事件的雷电流热效应持续时间与雷电流持续时间变化较为一致,相关系数约0.73。     

广东2022年一次强降水的FY-4A观测及闪电特征

利用FY-4A卫星闪电成像仪LMI、TBB、地基闪电ADTD数据和NCEP-FNL再分析资料等,以2022年5月10日广东一次暴雨过程为例,对两个不同强降水区域对流云团发展演变的观测特征进行了分析。结果表明：中北部清远至九连山南侧的强降水1区属于典型的锋面低槽型暴雨,发生在低槽前部冷暖交汇区,珠江口西侧沿海附近的强降水2区则是暖区西南和偏南气流辐合作用的结果。此个例强降水发生前TBB迅速下降,强降水主要位于对流云团TBB低值中心梯度大值区。对流发展初期TBB逐渐下降到230 K以下,TBB变率较前1 h下降幅度可达-15℃以上,局部可达-30℃,对流云团移动前方的闪电对下一时刻对流的发展移动有很好的指示意义,锋面降水中ADTD较LMI提前出现;成熟阶段TBB大范围下降到220 K以下,局部200 K以下,TBB变率减小,维持在0～-10℃,闪电达到峰值,密集闪电随着TBB≤220 K低值区移动。     

引潮位的Doodson规格化展开及其精度评定

基于引潮位Doodson规格化展开的基本原理以及ELP/MPP02月球历表、Newcomb太阳历表的结构,设计了一个用以代表三角函数的数据结构;并由此自定义了三角函数的乘法与加法算法,将月球、太阳引潮位分别展开至5阶、3阶,振幅绝对值截断阈值为10-7,在展开过程中对"伪波"进行"滤波"处理后,最终得到包含4 686项展开式的引潮位展开表(其中振幅绝对值超过10-6的展开式有2 441项)。以德国BFO(Black Forest Observatory)测站为例,基于DE431历表,通过天球参考系变换计算得到1950—2050年间时间间隔为1 h的法向引潮力基准序列BFDE431;并根据各个引潮位展开表计算得到相应的法向引潮力序列;通过与BFDE431基准序列求差,得到各个差值序列的统计值。计算结果表明,文中给出的展开表对应的差值序列数值在±58×10~(-11)m·s~(-2)(nGal)以内,均方差为12.5×10~(-11)m·s~(-2),与XI89展开表的精度相当。但由于没有考虑行星及地球扁率的影响,仍未达到HW95和RATGP95展开表的精度水平。     

资源三号卫星多光谱影像的姿态角常差检校

针对资源三号卫星姿态角常差导致的多光谱影像定位精度降低的问题,该文在构建多光谱影像严格几何定位模型的基础上,提出了运用罗德里格矩阵建立姿态角常差检校方法;根据少量地面控制点求出姿态角常差构成的偏置矩阵后,使影像定位精度得到显著提高。实验结果证明,该方法具有较好的应用价值。     

基于WebGIS的水务普查成果共享服务平台设计与实现

北京市于2010—2012年开展了第一次面向境内的水务对象普查工作,普查对象涉及河流湖泊、水利工程、供排水等共11个专项,成果涵盖了十几万个水务对象。此次普查基本摸清了北京市水务家底,为助推首都经济发展打下了坚实的基础。但由于长期以来受传统观念、行政体制、管理模式、技术手段等多方面因素的制约,导致"信息孤岛"现象严重,信息不一致难以整合共享,业务之间难以协同。为了解决这些问题,北京市开展了"基础水信息服务平台"及相关配套设施的建设。该平台基于Web GIS和元数据等技术,通过梳理普查基础数据和空间数据,结合已有数据及基础测绘数据,建成水务综合库,绘制完成水务一张图,搭建北京市基础水信息服务平台。平台的建成,实现了"一张图、一个库、一套表、一个平台"的"四个一"普查成果目标,初步形成"水务百度"雏形。     

A STUDY OF RAPID DECAY TYPHOONS IN OFFSHORE WATERS OF CHINA

On the basis of NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data and yearbooks of CMA tropical cyclones, statistical analysis is performed for 1949—2013 offshore typhoons subjected to rapid decay(RD). This analysis indicates that RD typhoons are small-probability events, making up about 2.2% of the total offshore typhoons during this period. The RD events experience a decadal variation, mostly in the 1960 s and 1970 s(maximal in the 1970 s), rapidly decrease in the 1980 s and 1990 s and quickly increase from 2000. Also, RD typhoons show remarkable seasonal differences: they arise mainly in April and July-December, with the prime stage being in October-November. The offshore RD typhoons occur mostly in the South China Sea(SCS) and to a lesser extent in the East China Sea(ECS); however, none are observed over the Huang Sea and Bo Sea.Composite analysis and dynamic diagnosis of the RD typhoon-related large-scale circulations are performed.Physical quantities of the composite analysis consist of 500-h Pa height and temperature fields, vapor transfer, vertical wind shear(VWS), density of core convection(DCC), and high-level jet and upper-air outflow of the typhoon. The results suggest that(1) at the 500-h Pa height field, the typhoon is ahead of a westerly trough and under the effects of its passing trough;(2) at the temperature field, the typhoon is ahead of a temperature trough, with an invading cold tongue present;(3) at the vapor transfer field, water transfer into the RD typhoon is cut off; and(4) at higher levels, the related jet weakens and the outbreak of convection becomes attenuated in the typhoon core. In addition, VWS bears a relation to the RD typhoon; in particular, strong VWS favors RD occurrence.The differences in RD events between the SCS and ECS show that for the RD, the VWS of the ECS environmental winds is markedly stronger in comparison with its SCS counterpart. The cold advection invading into the typhoons is more intense in the SCS than in the ECS, and the low-level vapor transfer and high-level outflow are weaker in the SCS RD typhoons.Data analysis shows that sea surface temperature(SST), VWS, and DCC can be employed as efficient factors to predict RD occurrence. With appropriate SST, VWS, and DCC, a warning of RD occurrence can be given 36, 30-36,and 30 h, respectively, in advance. These values suggest that atmospheric SST responses lag. Owing to this time lag,the prediction of RD typhoons is possible.     

海潮负荷效应对我国及周边IGS站的影响

针对近海区域海潮变化复杂且海潮负荷效应显著,而全球海潮模型在近海区域精度较低的问题,该文提出了将全球海潮模型NAO.99b和区域模型osu.chinasea.2010相结合,分析海潮对中国大陆及周边地区IGS站的影响。使用GAMIT软件解算IGS站实测数据,通过海潮负荷计算软件SPOTL对解算结果进行改正,并对改正效果进行对比和分析。结果表明,海潮负荷对中国及周边区域站点的影响主要体现在垂直方向,对一些站点的影响可以达到厘米级;海潮负荷对站点坐标的改正效果明显,特别是日本的种子岛站改正效果接近30%;站点改正效果从沿海到内陆逐渐减弱。     

喀什城市圈城镇化与生态环境交互胁迫效应研究综述

城市群的研究成果对中国城市群总体格局形成起到了引领作用,为中国新型城镇化发展做出了重要贡献。通过关注位于丝绸之路经济带结合点的喀什城市圈,基于CiteSpace文献计量方法以中文核心期刊和EI、Web of Science核心合集数据,通过分析核心关键词、研究热点、研究机构和团队总结了国内外在喀什城市圈城镇化发展与生态环境交互胁迫效应方面的研究成果。认为目前对喀什城市圈研究非常薄弱,主要体现在研究重点集中在城镇化与生态环境关系探讨,从城市人口集聚、城市经济增长、城市空间扩张三个层面初步揭示了城市圈城镇化对水资源和土地资源单要素的胁迫作用;并从水资源、土地资源、大气环境等单要素角度深入研究城市圈生态环境对城镇化的限制作用。未来需加强喀什城市圈的研究和建设,以国家战略需求为导向,继续深化城市圈形成发育中资源环境交互胁迫效应方面的研究。     

水平衡下黄淮海平原区耕地可持续生产能力测算

为缓解黄淮海平原区地下水水位的持续下降,国家提出耕地资源休养生息的战略,而实施耕地资源休养生息的关键,是确保水平衡下的耕地资源可持续生产能力。本文从可持续理论和水平衡的条件出发,将黄淮海划分成12个自然条件、社会经济条件相对均一的农业生态区,采用不同农业生态区代表实验站限水高产的产量和管理经验,以水定产并逐步修正,得到了黄淮海平原区耕地可持续生产能力,并与现实产量对比得到产量差。结果表明：① 水平衡条件下黄淮海平原区耕地的可持续粮食生产能力为1.16亿t/年;② 可持续总产产量差为-67.85万t/年,由于限水灌溉造成的粮食产能损失为小麦331.84万t/年,玉米不存在产能损失;③ 小麦主要压产地区为黑龙港地区、鲁西平原、豫东平原以及京津唐平原,而徐淮低平原、豫东平原以及胶西黄泛平原具有一定的提产潜力。通过测算,进一步认识了黄淮海平原区耕地可持续产能状况,为区域粮食生产的合理布局以及农业限水限产提供可靠依据。     

Potential Impacts of Proposed Chenglingji Hydraulic Project on Wetlands in Dongting Lake

Water level fluctuation of is an important ecological character of lakes in monsoon climate zone.It is the key driver to seasonal change of the wetlands and associated habitats,which provide vital inhabiting conditions for different species in summer and winter,or,wet season and dry season.Due the hydrologic regime changes in the recent years after the operation of Three Gorges Dam,in 2012,the government of Hunan province proposed Chenglingji Hydraulic Project,aiming at water level control in dry season at Chenglingji,where the outlet of Dongting Lake located.Through different operations on water retreat process,five scenarios on the water level control from 21 m to 24 m were set in the plan.The potential ecological impacts of the project are under enormous public concern.To analyze potential impacts from different scenarios of water level control on the wetlands,this paper studied the topography of Dongting Lake bed and wetlands in dry season,by using Digital Elevation Model(DEM)and 15 images from HJ satellite and 1 image from Landsat TM.The wetlands at water levels of 19 m to 27 m were analyzed.The study revealed that there were 4 terrain steps on Dongting Lake bed from the West Dongting Lake to East Dongting Lake.Water level control at Chenglingji would increase area of open water in East Dongting Lake and Hengling Lake areas,while its effect on South Dongting Lake and West Dongting Lake areas due to higher terrain was weaker.Particularly,the area percentages of South Dongting Lake area did not change with water level fluctuation,due to its 2 elevation steps.The area percentages of various types of the wetlands in Dongting Lake area during the processes of water level rising and retreating were quite different,even in the relatively close water level interval.The retreating area of open water in autumn was larger than that during the spring flooding.The 23 m was the key water level,a turning point of the area change of the wetlands in Dongting Lake area.Areas of open water,mudflat,meadows and their percentages changed significantly at water levels above 23 meters,with increasing of open water area and shrinking of meadow area,their areas would decrease 30 000 ha.As the key habitats for wintering geese,the area of meadows was from near 70 000 ha to 10 000 ha.Among 5 scenarios,the impact of the scenario at 21 m elevation on wetlands was the weakest.However,water level dropping was still postponed than that of natural hydrological process in the scenarios.It resulted in longer inundation of large area of lakebed at elevation of 22-23 m,increasing habitats for aquatic biodiversity but reducing area of the meadows,where is the key habitat for wintering geese.All the other water level control scenarios would cause large area of inundation of lakebed in dry season and dramatic change of wetlands.To maintain the natural wetlands in Dongting Lake area,the Chenglingji Hydraulic Project should be considered in a more cautious way and further researches were needed on the response of aquatic biodiversity and wintering water birds.