Reservoir attenuation of floods from ungauged basins

Abstract

In a typical reservoir routing problem, the givens are the inflow hydrograph and reservoir characteristic functions. Flood attenuation investigations can be easily accomplished using a hydrological or hydraulic routing of the inflow hydrograph to obtain the reservoir outflow hydrograph, unless the inflow hydrograph is unavailable. Although attempts for runoff simulation have been made in ungauged basins, there is only a limited degree of success in special cases. Those approaches are, in general, not suitable for basins with a reservoir. The objective of this study is to propose a procedure for flood attenuation estimation in ungauged reservoir basins. In this study, a kinematic-wave based geomorphic IUH model was adopted. The reservoir inflow hydrograph was generated through convolution integration using the rainfall excess and basin geomorphic information. Consequently, a fourth-order Runge-Kutta method was used to route the inflow hydrograph to obtain the reservoir outflow hydrograph without the aid of recorded flow data. Flood attenuation was estimated through the analysis of the inflow and outflow hydrographs of the reservoir. An ungauged reservoir basin in southern Taiwan is presented as an example to show the applicability of the proposed analytical procedure. The analytical results provide valuable information for downstream flood control work for different return periods.     

Compositional constraints on the genesis of diogenites

Abstract– We have done bulk rock compositional analyses (INAA, ICP‐MS) and petrologic study of a suite of diogenite meteorites. Most contain orthopyroxenes with mg#s of 70.6–79.0. Meteorite Hills (MET) 00425 is magnesian (mg# of 83.9). Lewis Cliff (LEW) 88011 contains orthopyroxene grains of varying mg# (76.3–68.6). Queen Alexandra Range (QUE) 93009 (orthopyroxene mg# 70.6) contains coarse‐grained noritic clasts (plagioclase An_84.7–88.3), and is rich in incompatible trace elements. It has Eu/Eu* < 1, indicating that cumulate norites do not dominate its trace element inventory. Queen Alexandra Range 93009 may be transitional between diogenites and magnesian cumulate eucrites. Lewis Cliff 88679, a dimict breccia of harzburgite and orthopyroxenite, has anomalously low concentrations of highly incompatible elements (e.g., Nb, La, Ta, U) compared to other diogenites, but is similar to them in less highly incompatible elements (e.g., Y, Zr, Yb, Hf). It is unlikely that this characteristic reflects a low proportion of a trapped melt component. The highly incompatible elements were likely mobilized after impact mixing of the two parent lithologies. Graves Nunataks 98108 shows an extreme range in Eu/Eu* attributable to the heterogeneous distribution of plagioclase; one sample has the lowest Eu/Eu* among diogenites. We find no compelling evidence to support the hypothesis that diogenite parent magmas were contaminated by partial melts of the eucritic crust. We posit that subsolidus equilibration between orthopyroxene and minor/trace phases (including phosphates) resulted in preferential redistribution of Eu²⁺ relative to Eu³⁺ and other rare earth elements, and results in anomalously low Eu/Eu* in samples leached in acids that dissolve phosphates.     

圆弧形沉积谷地对平面P波的三维散射解析解

采用大圆弧面来模拟半空间表面,利用波函数展开法在频域内给出了圆弧形沉积谷地形对平面P波三维散射的一个解析解,并以此解答为基础,进一步分析了入射波频率和入射角度对圆弧形沉积谷地场地反应的影响。数值结果表明,入射波的频率和入射角度对圆弧形沉积谷地场地反应有重要影响。     

离心场中土体图像采集与位移测量系统的研制与应用

以存储前移为主要思路,开发了离心场中高质量图像高速采集与位移非接触测量系统。该系统由图像采集、数据存储、通讯控制、分析处理和辅助制样5个子系统组成,能够克服高速旋转的离心场的干扰,在离心模型试验过程中高速采集高质量图像。该系统能够对多点同时进行测量,从而得到土体表面任意时刻、任意区域的位移场,并具有对土体无干扰、测量精度高、前期准备工作量小、自动化程度高等优点。使用该系统对土坡破坏离心模型试验中的土坡变形过程进行了测量,结果表明,土坡的破坏过程可分为均匀变形、应变局部化和破坏后变形3个阶段,加载过程中首先在坡顶和坡脚产生应变局部化。     

关于中国环境管理和资源利用的几点思考(英文)

这一评述总结2008年耶鲁大学中国的环境和资源利用问题研讨会的讨论重点,包括:1)保护地方利益和防止污染扩散的区域协调;2)建立环境特殊区,实行前瞻性的环境政策试验;3)加强环境和资源利用教育和能力建设;4)协调国内和国际环境合作关系;5)中国的环境决策中权力的制约与平衡。本文不打算对这些专题进行深入分析,而是强调西方环境管理经验和教训与中国的现实相结合的重要性。     

182Hf‐182W chronometry and the early evolution history in the acapulcoite‐lodranite parent body

Abstract— An acapulcoite, Northwest Africa (NWA) 725, a transitional acapulcoite, Graves Nunataks (GRA) 95209, and a lodranite, NWA 2235, have been studied with the short‐lived chronometer ¹⁸²Hf‐¹⁸²W system in order to better constrain the early evolution history in the acapulcoite‐lodranite parent body. Unlike the more evolved achondrites originating from differentiated asteroids—e.g., eucrites and angrites—bulk rock acapulcoites and lodranite are characterized by distinct ¹⁸²W deficits relative to the terrestrial W, as well as to the undifferentiated chondrites, ε_w varies from ?2.7 to ?2.4. This suggests that live‐¹⁸²Hf was present during the formation of acapulcoites and lodranites, and their parent body probably had never experienced a global melting event. Due to the large uncertainties associated with the isochron for each sample, the bulk isochron that regressed through the mineral separates from all 3 samples has provided the best estimate to date for the timing of metamorphism in the acapulcoite‐lodranite parent body, 5 (+6/‐5) Myr after the onset of the solar system. It is thus inconclusive whether acapulcoites and lodranites have shared the same petrogenetic origin, based on the Hf‐W data of this study. Nevertheless, the formation of acapulcoite‐lodranite clan appears to have post‐dated the metal‐silicate segregation in differentiated asteroids. This can be explained by a slower accretion rate for the acapulcoite‐lodranite parent body, or that it had never accreted to a critical mass that could allow the metal‐silicate segregation to occur naturally.     

阿里山森林铁路隧道复建工程的设计与施工探讨

2009年8月8日莫拉克台风重创南台湾,嘉义阿里山区72 h的累积雨量高达2 500 mm以上,百年历史的阿里山森林铁道因沿线路基严重流失而停驶。其中两处大崩塌路段的复建工程以顺应自然为原则,采取迂回隧道方式避开崩塌区,需克服沿线地质变化及地下水问题,评估结果是以凿岩机工法及钻爆工法进行开挖。两座隧道的西口段崩积层分别长达109.8、99 m,是隧道开挖阶段的关键地段。隧道开挖支撑设计系依据台湾岩体分类与支撑系统（PCCR系统）及新奥工法的理念,沿线采用先进支撑材料包括超前管棚钢管、桁型钢支护、钢纤维喷射混凝土及自钻式锚杆等,除了可确保施工安全外,亦可提高施工进度。目前两隧道均已贯通且变形量控制均符合安全,说明隧道采用先进支撑方式穿越破碎崩积层段的成效良好,其研究结果可为相关工程设计提供参考。     

The temporal and spatial variability of the Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass in the southeastern Yellow Sea, 2009-2011

The Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass(YSCWM) is one of the important water mass in the Yellow Sea(YS).It is distributed in the lower layer in the Yellow Sea central trough with the temperature less than 10 C and the salinity lower than 33.0.To understand the variability of the YSCWM,the hydrographic data obtained in April and August during 2009–2011 are analyzed in the southeastern Yellow Sea.In August 2011,relatively warm and saline water compared with that in 2009 and 2010 was detected in the lower layer in the Yellow Sea central area.Although the typhoon passed before the cruise,the salinity in the Yellow Sea central trough is much higher than the previous season.It means that the saline event cannot be explained by the typhoon but only by the intrusion of saline water during the previous winter.In April 2011,actually,warm and saline water(T >10 C,S >34) was observed in the deepest water depth of the southeastern area of the Yellow Sea.The wind data show that the northerly wind in 2011 winter is stronger than in 2009 and 2010 winter season.The strong northerly wind can trigger the intrusion of warm and saline Yellow Sea Warm Current.Therefore,it is proposed that the strong northerly wind in winter season leads to the intrusion of the Yellow Sea Warm Current into the Yellow Sea central trough and influenced a variability of the YSCWM in summer.     

土壤和白菜中低分子量有机酸的气相色谱分析

利用甲醇-硫酸混合液(体积比10∶7)对土壤和白菜中低分子量有机酸同时进行提取和甲酯化衍生,然后利用二氯甲烷液-液萃取,气相色谱法分析。土壤中7种低分子量有机酸(草酸、丙二酸、反丁烯二酸、琥珀酸、马来酸、L-苹果酸、柠檬酸)的添加回收率为81.93%~95.58%,白菜中的添加回收率为84.78%~106.99%,方法的检出限为0.72~4.14 mg/kg。方法用于测定根际、非根际土壤和白菜根系、茎叶中的低分子量有机酸,结果准确可靠。     

曾文水库保护带泰山滑坡之调查与治理

崩塌与滑坡灾害之治理，首重破坏诱因了了解与破坏机制之调查。再根据调查观测所得之资料与参数，着手进行设计适当之防治对策，方能得到良好的治理成效。泰山滑坡位于台湾南部极重要之曾文水库的保护带。其边坡由陆陆续续的崩陷而逐渐演变为坍滑，甚至造成交通中断受阻。调查发现本区为属浅层滑动，滑动区平面类似酒瓶状，主要原因为长期受到雨水之漫流与渗透软化的影响，加上蚀沟之切割淘刷作用，使得边坡容易失去支撑而滑动。经施以经济有效的蚀沟控制工程兴建多座潜坝，跌水与排水设施后，发现确定提高了边坡之稳定性，地区产业因而可以持续动作，是一次相当成功的治理案例模式，但由于施工便道之开 当，遂再度诱发部份边坡的坍滑，故尔后之维护管理工作极为重要。