Observational Study of Surface Wind along a Sloping Surface over Mountainous Terrain during Winter

The 2018 Winter Olympic and Paralympic Games will be held in Pyeongchang, Korea, during February and March. We examined the near surface winds and wind gusts along the sloping surface at two outdoor venues in Pyeongchang during February and March using surface wind data. The outdoor venues are located in a complex, mountainous terrain, and hence the near-surface winds form intricate patterns due to the interplay between large-scale and locally forced winds. During February and March, the dominant wind at the ridge level is westerly; however, a significant wind direction change is observed along the sloping surface at the venues. The winds on the sloping surface are also influenced by thermal forcing,showing increased upslope flow during daytime. When neutral air flows over the hill, the windward and leeward flows show a significantly different behavior. A higher correlation of the wind speed between upper-and lower-level stations is shown in the windward region compared with the leeward region. The strong synoptic wind, small width of the ridge, and steep leeward ridge slope angle provide favorable conditions for flow separation at the leeward foot of the ridge. The gust factor increases with decreasing surface elevation and is larger during daytime than nighttime. A significantly large gust factor is also observed in the leeward region.     

Effects of an Urban Park and Residential Area on the Atmospheric CO2 Concentration and Flux in Seoul, Korea

The CO₂ concentrations and fluxes over an urban forest site (Namsan) and an urban residential region (Boramae) in Seoul, Korea, during the non-growing season (2–4 March 2011), the growing season (10–12 June 2011), and the late-growing season (22–24 September 2011) were analyzed. The CO₂ concentrations of two sites showed nearly the same diurnal variation, with a maximum value occurring during the night and a minimum value occurring during daytime, as well as the same seasonal variation, with a maximum value during the non-growing season (early spring) and a minimum value during the growing season (summer). The CO₂ flux over the urban forest did not show any typical diurnal variation during the non-growing season, but did show diurnal variation with a small positive value during the night and a large negative value during daytime in the growing and late-growing seasons due to photosynthesis in the urban forest. The CO₂ flux over the urban residential region showed a positive daily mean value for all periods, with large values during the non-growing season and small values during the growing season, and it also showed diurnal variation with two maxima at 0600–1000 LST and 1800–2400 LST, and two minima at 0300-0600 LST and 1100-1500 LST, and was strongly correlated with the use of liquefied natural gas for cooking and heating by surrounding houses.     

中东亚地区表土碳酸盐含量和pH值的空间变化及其气候代用指标意义

黄土-古土壤以及湖泊沉积物的碳酸盐含量作为常用的气候指标,被人们广泛地应用于干旱、半干旱地区的古气候研究,然而碳酸盐含量的气候意义却缺乏足够的验证.中东亚干旱、半干旱区覆盖我国西北部和蒙古国全境,区域内温度和降水等具有显著的空间分布特征,这为验证包括碳酸盐矿物含量在内的地球化学代用指标的气候意义提供了理想的研究场所.为此,选取了一条横跨该区不同气候带的采样线,对采样线上表土碳酸盐含量、pH值以及气象站的记录资料行了分析和对比.研究发现:(1)表土碳酸盐含量的分布特征沿着纬度呈现出南高北低的总体趋势,在北纬34.50°～42.50°的广大黄土、类黄土地区,碳酸盐含量较高,而北纬42.5°以北地区碳酸盐含量则相对较少,局部地区由于土壤母质为碳酸盐岩而具有较高的碳酸盐含量;(2)表土碳酸盐含量与pH值的非线性拟合特征反映出土壤碳酸盐矿物含量与pH值之间的化学平衡,两者在0.01水平上呈显著的正相关关系(r=0.51).酸性土壤地区的碳酸盐体系难处于饱和状态,碳酸盐易于淋失含量低,此时,碳酸盐矿物含量不宜作为气候指标,而碱性土壤地区的碳酸盐矿物含量变化与气候变化关系密切;(3)高温、干燥的气候环境使降水被迅速蒸发,加剧了碳酸盐类物质的表聚作用,使黄土、类黄土地区表土碳酸盐含量与降水量、温度都呈现出了一定的正相关关系;(4)黄土、类黄土地区表土pH值与多年平均降水量关系密切(PH>7,R2=0.90),可以作为我国黄土高原地区过去大气降水量变化的代用指标.     

澳大利亚南极科学数据管理综述

系统概述了澳大利亚国家南极数据政策、组织机构、管理模式、实施策略与未来发展所面临的问题。在此基础上分析澳大利亚南极数据工作的发展与实效,并回顾了中国的极地数据管理工作,初步表明建立一个有效的组织框架是顺利开展数据管理与共享工作的基础,完全基于Web的数据管理与服务对科学项目的管理与研究成果的产出具有较大的促进作用。同时可以看出,国家层面的数据管理工作首先必须有明确的国家数据政策作引导;需要建立各种相应的数据标准与规范以及基于Web的数据管理、共享与服务平台;当然更离不开一支进行数据管理、服务与技术支持的专业队伍,并通过工作绩效评价系统对各个环节进行评价和考核。其中,为数据（集）编写完整、准确的元数据始终是数据管理中最重要的基础工作。     

安徽铜陵地区中酸性侵入岩及其岩石包体中的矿物包裹体研究

铜陵地区是长江中、下游铁、铜、硫、金成矿带的重要组成部分。笔者对铜陵地区中酸性侵入岩及其岩石包体中的包裹体进行了较系统的岩相学、显微测温和激光拉曼光谱研究。通过岩相学观察发现了 3类包裹体 ,即晶质熔融包裹体、流体熔融包裹体和流体包裹体。显微测温资料表明 ,本区的岩浆流体成矿演化可分为 3个阶段 :岩浆阶段 ( >12 5 0～ 90 0℃± )、过渡岩浆阶段 ( 90 0～ 75 0℃± )和岩浆期后热液阶段 ( <75 0℃ )。部分熔浆的温度之高 (可达 12 5 0℃ ) ,表明其可能是底侵幔源岩浆同熔下地壳形成的。在老庙基岩体、小铜官山岩体、鸡冠石岩体和小陶家岩体中产有晶质熔融包裹体、流体熔融包裹体和流体包裹体这 3种包裹体 ,表明相应的岩浆流体演化具有连续性、继承性和阶段性 ,其对应的成矿溶液以岩浆热液为主 ;与此不同的是 ,在鸡冠山岩体和白芒山岩体中仅产有晶质熔融包裹体和流体包裹体两种类型的包裹体 ,表明相应的岩浆流体演化不具连续性 ,其对应的成矿溶液以天水热液为主。此外 ,在小铜官山岩体和鸡冠石岩体的中酸性侵入岩中 ,发现了不混溶包裹体 ,其可能是在压力释放条件下形成的。     

Melt Enrichment of Shallow Depleted Mantle: a Detailed Petrological, Trace Element and Isotopic Study of Mantle-Derived Xenoliths and Megacrysts from the Cameroon Line

Major element, trace element and Sr–Nd–Pb isotopiccompositions of ultramafic xenoliths and megacrysts from thecontinental Cameroon line provide evidence for metasomatismof the upper most lithospheric mantle by enriched melts duringthe Mesozoic The megacrysts probably crystallized within thelower continental crust from melts similar to the host magmas.All the xenoliths originated as depleted residues after theextraction of basaltic melts, but some indicate evidence ofinteraction with enriched partial melts before entrainment.The U–Pb isotopic data on garnet are consistent with coolingthrough >900C at >300 Ma. The Sm–Nd isotope systematicsin constituent phases appear to have been in equilibrium ona xenolith scale at the time of entrainment, indicating derivationfrom mantle that remained at temperatures >600C until eruption.Spinel therzolies that show simple light rare earth element(LREE) depletions are characterized by isotopic compositionsthat are comparable with, but slightly more depleted than AtlanticN-MORB, suggesting that the unmetasomatized sub-continentallithosphere of the Cameroon line may be isotopically similarto that of sub-oceanic lithosphere. The Nd-depleted mantle modelages of these xenoliths are consistent with late Proterozoicdepletion, similar in age to much of the overlying continentalcrust. In contrast, samples that have LREE-enriched clinopyr-oxenes(La/Yb =4.7–9.4) contain trace amounts of amphibole, areenriched in U and have more radiogenic Pb and Sr. These xenolithsyield U–Pb and Sm–Nd model ages consistent withMesozoic enrichment, in agreement with the age of enrichmentof the source regions of the basalts, as deduced from Pb isotopiccompositions. Clinopyroxenes record three orders of magnitudeenrichment in U and LREE accompanied by progressive K depletionassociated with the growth of trace amphibole, with K/U ratiosthat range from 12000 to 1. The ratios of the trace elementsthought to have similar bulk D in mantle melting, Ce/Pb, Ba/Rband Nd/Sr ratios, display regional variations related to thetime integrated history of enrichments indicated by Nd isotopiccompositions. Mass balance calculations suggest that the meltsresponsible for the most recent enrichment of the lithospherehad higher La/Yb and U/Pb than Cameroon line host magmas, andwere probably the product of small degrees of partial meltingassociated with the earliest stages of the breakup of Pangea. KEY WORDS: Cameroon line; mantle xenoliths; megacrysts; REE; isotopic composition; trace element     

二氧化碳储存环境对油井水泥性质影响之研究

二氧化碳存入地下以地质封存方式进行减量是一项可行的工程手段。干燥情况下二氧化碳基本没有危害。然而在进行地质封存时,气井通常在地下水层、盐水层等潮湿的环境下操作,二氧化碳与水结合会形成碳酸,形成一个酸性的环境。实验室将API G级油井水泥添加包括飞灰、膨润土、重晶石与硅粉,在潮湿(100%)、饱和二氧化碳（常压,70 ℃）环境条件下养护28 d,研究其力学性能、化学成分及微观结构之间的关系。试验项目包括抗压强度、微观结构分析、X射线衍射及EDS扫描电镜。观察其养护样品发现,API G级添加飞灰的水泥呈现出最佳抗压强度及最深的碳化深度。而API G级添加膨润土的水泥现出最低抗压强度及最浅的碳化深度     

GEOLOGY OF THE GORGE DISTRICT OF THE YANGTZE (FROM ICHANG TO TZEKUEI) WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE GORGES.

As the Gorge District of the Yangtze is one of the few areas in China that can deservedly boast before the world its scenic grandeur as well as beauty, it has been long felt that a systematic account of its geological conditions would open another aspect of interest to the scientific travellers. There are already on the record the observations of Pumpelly, Richthofen, Abendanon, Willis and Blackwelder, Noda and others; but the results of their work, important as they are in certain respects, seem to ind...     

Trilobite Biostratigraphy of the lower Paleozoic (Cambrian–Ordovician) Joseon Supergroup, Taebaeksan Basin, Korea

In Korea,trilobites are among the most intensively studied fossil groups in the past century and provide invaluable information about lower Paleozoic stratigraphy,paleogeography,and tectonics of the Korean Peninsula. Trilobites occur in the lower Paleozoic Joseon Supergroup of the Taebaeksan Basin which was part of the Sino-Korean Craton in the Paleozoic. The Joseon Supergroup is divided into the Taebaek,Yeongwol,and Mungyeong groups. The Taebaek and Yeongwol groups are richly fossiliferous,while the Mungyeong Group is poorly fossiliferous. Contrasting trilobite faunal contents of the Taebaek and Yeongwol groups resulted in two separate biostratigraphic schemes for the Cambrian–Ordovician of the Taebaeksan Basin. A total of 22 biozones or fossiliferous horizons were recognized in the Taebaek Group; 19 zones were established in the Yeongwol Group; and four biozones were known from the Mungyeong Group. These trilobite biozones of the Taebaeksan Basin indicate the Joseon Supergroup ranges in age from the Cambrian Series 2 to Middle Ordovician and can be correlated well with the formations of North China,South China,and Australia.