Factors affecting the sediment concentration in runoff from a slope during the spring thawing period

Sediment concentration (S) is vital in soil erosion models. However, research on estimating S at different positions on slopes in the spring thaw period is difficult. Thus, in this research, four flow discharges, two slope gradients, and four initial thawing depths were used in combination with Rare Earth Elements (REEs) tracing techniques to investigate the effects of hydraulic parameters at different locations of freeze–thaw rill flows on S. The results show that the S on the freeze–thaw slope gradually increases from the first section to the third section of the slope, with an increase of 43.99% from the first slope section to the third slope section. The flow velocity is the most critical factor to affect the S (R² > 0.7). The prediction equation of S on the entire slope under freeze–thaw conditions was established based on the flow turbulence intensity and relative gravity (R² = 0.769). This study examined the S and hydraulic parameters of the freeze–thaw rill flow, which provided a reference for further research on the soil erosion model during the spring thawing period.     

基于噪声估计的卡尔曼滤波用于GPS卫星钟差预报研究

利用重叠哈达玛方差确定卫星钟噪声随机模型,采用顾及钟差随机噪声模型的卡尔曼滤波进行钟差预报分析,并与最小二乘预报算法相比较,得出以下结论:卡尔曼滤波进行1 d以内的短期预报时,精度达到亚纳秒级,优于最小二乘预报算法,在长期预报或拟合数据量较少时,最小二乘预报精度优于卡尔曼滤波。     

遥感图像融合技术研究与探讨

遥感作为一门正在兴起,有着广泛应用前景的学科。基于目前众多的融合方法,本文着重陈述了最常用的PCA、HIS融合方法和正流行的小波变换融合技术理论。最后结果评价,运用ERDAS和ENVI软件及IDL语言对"ETM129-44_个旧"图像进行上述三种方法的融合处理并对其结果进行定性和定量的比较与分析。     

基于移动设备的地理信息数据传输方法

探讨了基于野外调绘功能手持式移动设备的客户/服务器无线网络模型,通过多线程和Socket技术在不同程序之间进行数据通信的可信性和方法。结合实践论述了其中的关键问题和技术,利用无线互联网实现地理信息数据的传输,并运用多线程和WINSOCK完成应用程序之间的通信任务,分别在客户端和服务器端编程实现。     

地磁信息系统的设计与实现

以中国地磁信息系统(CGGIS)研制为例,探讨了其管理和分析的可行性。结果表明,地磁GIS系统,不仅能够有效地管理海量地磁相关数据,而且,可方便直观地再现地磁观测数据,有效地整合地磁相关空间数据并且充分地发掘地磁场变化规律.是一种值得进一步深入研究和应用的空间型地磁信息系统。介绍了系统的网络结构、总体结构和功能结构设计以及系统特色功能(如地磁测点点志记功能、测点辅助设计功能,地磁模型成图功能等)。     

从混沌分形看中国古典建筑与园林设计

本文将混沌分形等现代科学前沿迅速发展的非线性系统科学理论，引入到对中国古典建筑、园林和城市规划及其空间分析与设计的理论基础——“风水”理论的研究中，从而在对传统建筑与城市空间理念进行整体性抽象继承的基础上，为探索和发展新的空间分析与设计的理论和方法提供了新思路。     

Equilibrium and non-equilibrium of two-arch structures in the solar atmosphere

We have derived a similarity solution in the form of a power series of the nonlinear magnetostatic equilibrium equation and identified the region of convergence in the parameter space. Within this region we have equilibrium configurations, outside it, non-equilibrium configurations. An example of nonlinear equilibrium configuration is shown graphically.

Our results can be used to explain the generation of multi-ribbon flares, the two-arch structures and the structures of the magnetic fields above elongated sunspot groups.     

A general solution for tide‐induced groundwater fluctuation in an estuarine‐coastal confined and unconfined aquifer system

This paper presents an analytical solution to tide‐induced head fluctuations in a two‐dimensional estuarine‐coastal aquifer system that consists of an unconfined aquifer and a heterogeneous confined aquifer extending under a tidal river with a semipermeable layer between them. This study considers the joint effects of tidal‐river leakage, inland leakage, dimensionless transmissivity between the tidal‐river and inland confined aquifer, and transmissivity anisotropic ratios. The analytical solution for this model is obtained via the separation of variables method. Three existing solutions related to head fluctuation in one‐ or two‐dimensional leaky confined aquifers are considered as special cases in the present solution. This study shows that there is a threshold of tidal‐river confined aquifer length. When the tidal‐river length is greater than the threshold length, the inland head fluctuations remain sensitive to the leakage effect but become insensitive to the tidal‐river width and dimensionless transmissivity. Considering leakage and transmissivity anisotropy, this study also demonstrates that at a location farther from the river–inland boundary, head fluctuations increase with increasing leakage and transmissivity anisotropy; the maximum head fluctuation occurs when leakage and transmissivity anisotropy are both at their maximum values. The combined action of the 3 effects of loading, tidal‐river aquifer leakage, and inland aquifer leakage differs significantly according to various aquifer parameters. The analytical solution in this paper can be applied to demonstrate the behaviours of the head fluctuations of an estuarine‐coastal aquifer system, and the head fluctuations can be clearly described when the tidal and hydrogeological parameters are derived from field measurement data or hypothetical cases.     

Microsampling Lu–Hf geochronology on mm‐sized garnet in eclogites constrains early garnet growth and timing of tectonometamorphism in the North Qilian orogenic belt

This study presents Lu–Hf geochronology of zoned garnet in high‐P eclogites from the North Qilian orogenic belt. Selected samples have ~mm‐sized garnet grains that have been sampled with a micro‐drill and analysed for dating. The Lu–Hf dates of bulk garnet separates, micro‐drilled garnet cores and the remnant, rim‐enriched garnet were determined by two‐point isochrons, with cores being consistently older than the bulk‐ and rim‐enriched garnet. The bulk garnet separates of each sample define identical garnet–whole rock isochron date of c. 457 Ma. Consistent U–Pb zircon dates of 455 ± 8 Ma were obtained from the eclogite. The Lu–Hf dates of the drilled cores and rim‐rich separates suggest a minimum garnet growth interval of 468.9 ± 2.4 and 452.1 ± 1.6 Ma. Major and Lu element profiles in the majority of garnet grains show well‐preserved Rayleigh‐style fractionated bell‐shaped Mn and Lu zoning profiles, and increasing Mg from core to rim. Pseudosection modelling indicates that garnet grew along a P–T path from ~470–525°C and ~2.4–2.6 GPa. The exceptional high‐Mn garnet core in one sample indicates an early growth during epidote–blueschist facies metamorphism at <460°C and <0.8 GPa. Therefore, the Lu–Hf dates of drilled cores record the early prograde garnet growth, whereas the Lu–Hf dates of rim‐rich fractions provide a maximum age for the end of garnet growth. The microsampling approach applied in this study can be broadly used in garnet‐bearing rocks, even those without extremely large garnet crystals, in an attempt to retrieve the early metamorphic timing recorded in older garnet cores. Given a proper selection of the drill bit size and a detailed crystal size distribution analysis, the cores of the mm‐sized garnet in most metamorphic rocks can be dated to yield critical constraints on the early timing of metamorphism. This study provides new crucial constraints on the timing of the initial subduction (before c. 469 Ma) and the ultimate closure (earlier than c. 452 Ma) of the fossil Qilian oceanic basin.     

Rapid urbanization in a transitional economy in China: The case of Hainan Island

The outcomes and forms of urbanization and modernization in China following the reform and opening of the late 1970s have attracted extensive attention and competing interpretations in scholarly documentation. This paper focuses on Hainan Island, established in 1988 as the biggest special economic zone in China. Since then, considerable inflows of human as well as speculative capital have led to rapid real estate, in particular tourism-related, development. While urban expansion and improvements have been encouraged, the ongoing over-building, unregulated conversion of land use and degradation of the urban environment present serious social and economic problems. This paper summarizes the trajectory, causal factors and outcomes of this urban growth and consequent planning problems that make the island an atypical case in China's urbanization experience. We argue that the establishment of a practical framework combining socioeconomic planning, land use planning, and the management of both, is crucial to achieve sustainable growth for this transitional economy.