Improved water quality in response to pollution control measures at Masan Bay, Korea

The total pollution load management system (TPLMS) was first applied in 2007 to the highly developed Masan Bay watershed, Korea. To evaluate the effect of TPLMS on water quality improvement, we analyzed the water qualities in rivers and bay during 2005-2010, targeting chemical oxygen demand (COD), suspended sediment (SS), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) loads. Land-based pollutant loading all decreased during this period, with a significant reduction in COD and SS loads (p<0.01). The COD reduction in seawater, following the TPLMS implementation, was also significant (p<0.01). Time-lagged responses in COD and Chl-a supported an estimated seawater residence time of ~1 month. Land-based nutrient loads were also significantly reduced for TN (p<0.01) and TP (p<0.05), however, significant reductions were not observed in the bay, indicating potential alternative nutrient inputs from non-point sources into the bay system.     

Laplace–Fourier-Domain Waveform Inversion for Fluid–Solid Media

Full waveform inversion algorithms are widely used in the construction of subsurface velocity models. In the following study, we propose a Laplace–Fourier-domain waveform inversion algorithm that uses both Laplace-domain and Fourier-domain wavefields to achieve the reconstruction of subsurface velocity models. Although research on the Laplace–Fourier-domain waveform inversion has been published recently that study is limited to fluid media. Because the geophysical targets of marine seismic exploration are usually located within solid media, waveform inversion that is approximated to acoustic media is limited to the treatment of properly identified submarine geophysical features. In this study, we propose a full waveform inversion algorithm for isotropic fluid–solid media with irregular submarine topography comparable to a real marine environment. From the fluid–solid system, we obtained P and S wave velocity models from the pressure data alone. We also suggested strategies for choosing complex frequency bands constructed of frequencies and Laplace coefficients to improve the resolution of the restored velocity structures. For verification, we applied our Laplace–Fourier-domain waveform inversion for fluid–solid media to synthetic data that were reconstructed for fluid–solid media. Through this inversion test, we successfully restored reasonable velocity structures. Furthermore, we successfully extended our algorithm to a field data set.     

A computational finite‐element program for hybrid simulation

The essence of real time hybrid simulation (RTHS) is the reliance on a physical test (virtual finite element) in support of a numerical simulation, which is unable to properly simulate it numerically. Hence, the computational support for a hybrid simulation is of paramount importance, and one with anything less than a state of the art computational support may defeat the purpose of such an endeavor. A critical, yet often ignored, component of RTHS is precisely the computational engine, which unfortunately has been a bottleneck for realistic studies. Most researches have focused on either the control or on the communication (mostly in distributed, non‐real time hybrid simulation) leaving the third leg of RTHS (computation) ignored and limited to the simulation of simple models (small number of degrees of freedom and limited nonlinearities). This paper details the development of a specialized software written explicitly to perform, single site, hybrid simulation ranging from pseudo‐dynamic to hard real time ones. Solution strategy, implementation details, and actual applications are reported. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

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近江牡蛎富集、排出Pb、Cd的动力学及其与体内金属硫蛋白的相关性研究

应用半静态双箱动力学模型,在50、100、200μg/L 3种质量浓度条件下分两个阶段室内模拟近江牡蛎(Crassostrea rivularis)富集、排出Pb、Cd的动力学过程,研究其体内金属硫蛋白(metallothionein,MT)浓度变化与该过程的相关性,得到近江牡蛎富集和排出的吸收速率常数k1、排出速率常数k2、生物富集因子BCF、生物学半衰期B1/2等动力学参数。结果表明:相同暴露浓度下,近江牡蛎对Cd的富集量和BCF显著大于Pb(p<0.05),因而对Cd的富集能力大于Pb;富集平衡状态下生物体内金属含量Cmax与Pb、Cd暴露浓度成良好的线性关系,说明近江牡蛎是比较理想的重金属Pb、Cd污染的指示生物;在Pb、Cd的富集实验中,MT含量均随时间变化呈现出先升高后降低的趋势,而MT对Cd污染反应比Pb更敏感,效应时间更短;排出实验中,Pb、Cd实验组的MT含量随时间呈相反的趋势波动变化;金属暴露浓度梯度与近江牡蛎体内的MT含量变化没有"剂量—效应"关系,MT不能作为Pb、Cd对水环境污染的定量标志物。     

高含水期水平井挖潜物理模拟

结合油藏渗流与水平井筒内流体流动的耦合性,以水驱油相似原理为基础,建立三维油藏物理胶结水平井多层模型,并从其微观孔隙特征及油水渗流特征等方面与实际油藏进行对比.以物理模型为基础,从动态变化指标及油水分布特征等角度研究不同挖潜方式在高含水期挖潜效果的差异性,总结水平井挖潜提高采收率的规律.结果表明:在交错井网及正韵律储层的条件下,高含水期剩余油多富集于井组中心储层顶部区域;高含水期应用水平井进行挖潜剩余油,其在多个动态变化指标上优于直井,并且水平井对井组边角区域及储层中下部位剩余油的控制能力也较强;水平井与常规井网的不同配置关系对挖潜效果有较大影响,水平井挖潜动态也随着含水率上升呈现不同的规律.     

概率法在缝洞型碳酸盐岩油气藏储量评估中的应用:以塔中隆起北斜坡下奥陶统岩溶油气藏为例

缝洞型碳酸盐岩油气藏储量计算是目前国际研究的难点。中国近年来发现了这类规模巨大的油气藏,储量计算始终是一个难题而未能有效解决。通过对塔里木油田目前缝洞型碳酸盐岩油气藏储量评估方法的梳理,结合缝洞型碳酸盐岩油气藏认识及缝洞型油气藏识别技术的进展,认为缝洞型碳酸盐岩油气藏储量评估的发展趋势是强调缝洞单元雕刻（解决非均质性、合理的指导开发井部署）和储量参数的随机性。在了解缝洞型碳酸盐岩油气藏识别技术进展基础上,吸收国内外油气储量评估经验,提出了塔里木油田缝洞型碳酸盐岩油气藏概率法储量评估方法。评估思路是发挥缝洞雕刻油气面积置信度高的优势,充分利用孔隙度、饱和度样本点容量大的特点,合理建立其概率分布。缝洞雕刻和概率法的有机结合可以合理地评估缝洞型油气藏的储量。目前,缝洞型碳酸盐岩油气藏储量评估对象、裂缝处理方法、概率法储量计算高置信度确定性参数取值方法、概率法储量计算随机变量参数分布规律及合理性等方面的研究已取得一定的经验和进展。     

激光高度计卫星ICESAT在地学研究中的应用

介绍了世界首颗激光高度计卫星ICESat及其惟一有效的载荷——地学激光测高系统(GLAS)以及它的科学研究目的和工作原理,论述了ICESat在地学研究中的应用。     

The AzTEC mm-wavelength camera

AzTEC is a mm-wavelength bolometric camera utilizing 144 silicon nitride micromesh detectors. Here, we describe the AzTEC instrument architecture and its use as an astronomical instrument. We report on several performance metrics measured during a three-month observing campaign at the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope and conclude with our plans for AzTEC as a facility instrument on the Large Millimetre Telescope.