库岸塌岸防治工程施工监理实践

湖北省三峡库区兴山县高阳镇库岸塌岸防治工程是三峡库区地质灾害首批治理的重点．在实施过程中实行专业监理,有效地控制了工程质量、进度、投资,受到了国务院三峡库区地质灾害防治工作领导小组专家组的好评。本文结合防治工程特点对工程监理组织机构、监理工作内容等进行了有益的探索和实践。     

东南沿海地区玄武岩残积土雨水运移特征及滑坡失稳数值模拟

暴雨作用下,东南沿海地区玄武岩残积土滑坡极易失稳,但相关的研究较为少见。文章以浙江省温州市马济头滑坡为对象,首先利用原状土土柱实验,获取中峰型和前峰型降雨工况下玄武岩残积土的雨水运移特征;然后使用Geo-studio软件反演土柱降雨实验,获取玄武岩残积土的非饱和渗透参数;接着通过数值模拟,获取两种降雨工况下马济头滑坡的渗流场及稳定性。结果表明:降雨作用下,玄武岩残积土的浅层土体含水率增长速率较快,上部及深部土体更易达到饱和;10 mm/h降雨强度下,湿润锋下渗速率较小且不随深度变化;30 mm/h降雨强度下,湿润锋下渗速率可增大2~3倍,雨水主要在峰值降雨期快速入渗;降雨作用下,马济头滑坡的滑带土饱和度迅速增大,孔隙水压力随之增大,坡脚出现大面积滞水,土体抗剪强度急剧降低,模拟降雨第三天,滑坡的稳定性系数降至最低,滑坡最终失稳;中峰型降雨工况下雨水入渗速率更快,坡脚处产生更大滞水面积,滑坡更容易失稳。本文的研究成果可为东南沿海玄武岩残积土滑坡的稳定性评价提供理论依据。     

Imaging-Based Characterization of Perthite in the Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation Tight Sandstone of the Ordos Basin,China

This work investigated the element distribution of perthite from the Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation tight sandstone in the Ordos Basin of northern China by field emission scanning electron microscopy(FE-SEM) and energy dispersive spectrometer(EDS). FE-SEM results indicate significant differences in the morphology of Na-rich feldspar when K-rich feldspar is the main component of the perthite. EDS results show that different types of perthite have clearly defined differences on different element indexes. Additionally, indexes such as average-weight-K(K-rich)/Na(Na-rich), maximumweight-K(Na-rich)/Na(Na-rich) and average-atomic-K(K-rich)/Na(Na-rich) might be the most effective ones to identify perthite types. Perthite is divided into six main types, i.e., perthite with thick parallel stripe distribution, with thin parallel stripe distribution, with lumpy stripe distribution, with dendritic stripe distribution, with encircling stripe distribution, and with mixed stripe distribution.     

一种基于版式关联模型的地图整饰方法

围绕专题地图的异质同构特点进行了分析与探讨,针对传统地图整饰方法所存在的问题,提出了一种基于版式关联模型的地图整饰方法。其主要思想是：在地图模板模型的基础上,提炼专题图中辅助要素的共性和个性特征,参考面向对象设计原则,构建一套地理要素和辅助要素二次逻辑关联的地图整饰方法与流程,可以实现专题地图的快速批量制作。实践表明,该方法较传统整饰方法更为重用和高效。     

Responses of Soil CO2, CH4 and N2O Fluxes to N,P, and Acid Additions in Mixed Forest in Subtropical China

Understanding how nitrogen (N) availability interacts with soil acidity and phosphorus (P) availability to affect soil-atmosphere exchanges in CO₂, CH₄ and N₂O in forest ecosystems is important for understanding the mechanisms driving ecosystem responses to enhanced N deposition. Here, we conducted an experiment with N, P and acid (H) addition in a mixed forest in subtropical China to investigate how acid and P addition affects CO₂, CH₄ and N₂O exchange under N addition. Our results showed that soil NH₄⁺-N and NO₃^--N increased after N addition, but CO₂ emissions in N addition plots remained unaffected. CH₄ uptake in N-, P-, NP-, NH- and NPH-addition plots were reduced by 21.1%, 15.7%, 39.1%, 26.6%, and 28.4%, respectively. CH₄ uptake in NP-addition plots were lower compared to N-addition and P-addition plots, indicating that N and P addition had an additive effect on inhibiting CH₄ uptake. N₂O emission in N-, NP-, NH- and NPH-addition plots increased by 158.6%, 176.0%, 117.2%, and 91.8%, respectively. N₂O emissions in NPH-addition plots were lower compared to NP-addition plots while showed no difference between N-addition and NH-addition plots. This suggests that only under P rich conditions, acid addition would greatly mitigate N₂O emissions under N addition. Our results demonstrate that for N and P co-limited forest ecosystems with acidic soils, low P availability constrains the inhibition of soil CH₄ uptake by N deposition. When P availability is low, a weak soil acidation induced by N deposition may have less influence on the stimulation of N₂O emissions by N deposition.     

地下开采引起围岩间断面变形特征的软材料小模型研究

为了研究地下开采引起围岩变形和断层活化现象,文章采用一种软材料的小模型进行地下开采间断面变形的模拟。模型中通过模拟一个矩形地下采区上方围岩的变形来研究一个水平间断面发生活化后的弯曲现象。模拟结果表明,间断面上的剪切位移分布具有"双峰"的特征或规律。这种分布特征或规律,得到了数值模拟结果的验证。同时,也证明了该方法的有效性。该方法最大的优点是,可以用小尺寸模型有效模拟在自重体积力作用下开挖引起的围岩变形现象,具有实验装置简单、实验用时短、操作方便、实验成本低等诸多优点,是一种值得推广的物理模拟方法。      

First Discovery of Gold Ore Bodies in the Lieryu Formation of the Liaohe Group in the Liaodong Area, China

<正>Objective Numerous large deposits of lead–zinc,gold,boron,magnesite,and talc are distributed throughout the Liaodong area,within different layers of the Paleoproterozoic Liaohe Group.The Liaohe Group comprises five formations as follows(from bottom to top).The Langzishan Formation consists of volcaniclastic rocks     

沙产业在内蒙古的构想与发展:生态系统服务体系视角

根据沙产业理论和生态系统服务的概念,提出沙产业生态系统服务体系理念。分析了内蒙古沙产业生态系统服务体系现状,并通过ArcGIS软件对影响内蒙古沙产业发展趋势的气候变化因素进行研究,最后分析了内蒙古沙产业发展的构想、存在的问题以及发展原则与对策。从目前发展状况和对气候变化趋势的分析,建议内蒙古沙产业发展可以在空间上由西向中、东部转移,并将其沙产业生态服务体系逐步建设完善,以推动内蒙古沙产业的健康发展,逐步提高内蒙古地区生态系统服务水平,促进沙区生态社会经济协调与可持续发展。     

利用风暴沉积类型恢复海平面变化:以北京西山下苇甸剖面寒武纪中晚期风暴沉积为例

华北地区寒武系中发育有大量的风暴沉积,对于此类沉积物的成因前人意见趋于统一,但对其沉积环境的认识仍存在较多争议。在野外细致观察、实测的基础上,结合室内沉积学描述和分析,在北京西山下苇甸剖面寒武系第三统和芙蓉统内识别出5种沉积相类型,并根据沉积环境将其归入3种相组合,分别形成于浅海碳酸盐缓坡潮下带、深潮下带和页岩盆地环境。在研究地层内,共识别出了49层风暴沉积,基于沉积结构和构造特征,这些风暴沉积层可归入4个风暴沉积大类(原地未破碎风暴沉积、原地破碎风暴沉积、近源风暴沉积、远源风暴沉积)和12个亚类,这些风暴沉积类型形成于不同的环境。根据风暴沉积亚类在地层中的分布规律及其所指示的环境类型,恢复了北京西山寒武纪中晚期相对海平面的变化历史。通过与用不同方法恢复的北京西山和鲁西地区同时期海平面变化曲线进行对比,发现利用风暴沉积类型所恢复的海平面变化曲线与使用正常沉积类型恢复的海平面变化曲线具有相同的变化趋势。因此,风暴沉积类型可以用于恢复长时间尺度的海平面变化趋势。     

青海循化盆地新近纪磁性地层学

青藏高原东北部是研究高原隆升和东亚季风演化的重要地区.通过对青藏高原东北部循化盆地西沟剖面新近纪河湖相沉积的磁性地层学研究, 建立了西沟剖面约14.6~5.0 Ma沉积物的磁极性年代框架.沉积相的分析表明, 循化盆地在约14.6~5.0 Ma期间总体上处于充填萎缩阶段.西沟剖面巨厚层砾岩首次出现的时间约为7.3 Ma前, 应是青藏高原东北部快速隆升的沉积响应.这与青藏高原在约8.0 Ma前快速隆升的时间相近, 进一步说明约8.0 Ma前青藏高原的构造隆升具有准同时性.