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871.
Lianchuan Zhou Xiaomin Chen Xiaoliang Li Xinqiang Yang Daimin Huang Wen Xia Chen Cui 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2011,63(2):273-278
The characteristics of nitrate vertical transport in soils collected from Libo and Puding in Guizhou Province were studied
by simulating soil column in laboratory. The results were as follows: (1) Vertical transport velocity of nitrate decreased,
and the breakthrough curves (BTCs) of nitrate were more dispersed, in each horizon from surface layer to bottom layer in every
soil profile. As rocky desertification progressed, the BTCs experienced a gentle up and down trend, and tailing was more obvious.
(2) An analytical solute transport model (CXTFIT 2.0) was used to estimate nitrate dispersion coefficient (D) and average pore water velocity (V) from the observed BTCs. The results showed that CXTFIT 2.0 model was suitable in fitting the nitrate transport in these
soils. The dispersion coefficient was found to be a function of average pore water velocity. (3) The transport of nitrate
was mainly affected by the soil structural coefficient. As soil structural coefficient decreased, nitrate outflow was retarded,
and the peak concentration was reduced. Soil bulk density, organic matter, and clay also affected the vertical transport of
nitrate. Low bulk density, clay content, and high organic matter content were each associated with faster nitrate transport. 相似文献
872.
Sixteen soil samples were collected from the vicinity of an abandoned lead–zinc mine in Shangyu City, eastern China, and the
heavy-metal speciation and wheat phytotoxicity in the soils were studied. The results showed that the concentrations of free
Cu2+, Zn2+, Cd2+ and Pb2+ were highly variable and ranged from <0.01 to 0.32, 0.06 to 10.62, <0.01 to 1.40 and 0.02 to 37.10 μmol l−1, respectively. The concentrations of soluble Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb ranged from 0.38 to 3.24, 0.72 to 78.74, <0.01 to 1.95 and
0.15 to 639.34 μmol l−1, respectively. The general trend of mean solid/liquid partition coefficient and percentage of free metal ion to total soluble
metal concentration were Cu > Pb > Zn > Cd and Cd > Zn > Cu > Pb, respectively. Stepwise multiple linear regression with pH,
log(total metal) and log(organic matter) showed that log(total metal) was an important factor that controlled log(free metal
ion) and log(soluble metal). Of the variability in log(free Cu2+), log(free Cd2+) and log(free Pb2+), 55.2, 58.6 and 64.3% could be explained by log(total Cu), log(total Cd) and log(total Pb) alone, respectively. Of the variability
in log(soluble Cu) and log(soluble Cd), 77.1 and 72.5% could be explained by log(total Cu) and log(total Cd) alone, respectively.
Wheat root length was controlled by the various metals with different free and soluble concentrations, and 99.2% of the variability
in root length could be explained by concentrations of free and soluble Pb, soluble Cu and total Zn in the soils. 相似文献
873.
Blasius问题用来描述稳定不可压缩流体流过平板的情况,常出现在流体力学边界层理论中.主要对Blasius问题中的剪应力进行分析估计.从与Blasius问题等价的积分方程人手,对积分方程的解z(t)进行分析估计,得出z(t)的性质.从而获得Blasius问题中的剪应力的分析估计,其结果如下:∫^"(0)≥3/√6/β/√-β,9/4√27≤∥∫^"∥≤3√3√1-3β^2-2β^ 相似文献
874.
Active layer plays a key role in regulating the dynamics of hydrothermal processes and ecosystems that are sensitive to the changing climate in permafrost regions. However, little is known about the hydrothermal dynamics during freeze-thaw processes in permafrost regions with different vegetation types on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP). In the present study, the freezing and thawing processes at four sites (QT01, 03, 04, and 05) with different vegetation types on the QTP was analyzed. The results indicated that the impact on the soil water and heat during the summer thawing process was markedly greater than that during the autumn freezing process. Furthermore, the thermal-orbit regression slopes for all sites exhibited a homologous variation as the depth increased, with the slowest attenuation for the meadow sites (QT01 and QT03) and a slightly faster attenuation for the desert steppe site (QT05). The air and ground surface temperatures were similar in winter, but the ground surface temperature was significantly higher than the air temperature in summer in the radiation-rich environment at all sites on the QTP. The results also indicated that the n-factors were between 0.36 and 0.55 during the thawing season, and the annual mean temperature near the permafrost table was between − 1.26 and − 1.84 °C. In the alpine desert steppe region, the thermal conditions exhibited to show a warming trend, with a current permafrost table temperature of − 0.22 °C. The annual changing amplitude of the ground temperature at the permafrost table was different for different vegetation types. 相似文献
875.
"台田-浅池系统"是北方滨海盐碱地改良利用的重要模式之一,其人为对下垫面的改变在一定程度上会对小气候产生影响。以黄骅地区430 m×38 m的单个"台田-浅池系统"为研究对象,利用气象观测仪器对气温、地温和表面温度进行对比观测,分析温度特征。结果表明:1)凸出地面2 m高的台田的空气日均温、月均温、年均温均高于平整大田的,二者差值在1.0℃以内;台田气温日较差、月较差小于大田的,气温变化更为缓和。2)台田各层地温的日均值高于大田的,二者差异随土壤深度的增加而减少;台田地温日较差小于大田的,温度变化更为平缓,地温存在极显著差异(sig0.001)。3)台田表面温度日均值高于大田的,最大差值约2.4℃,日较差在冬半年低于大田的约1.0℃,夏半年高于大田的约2.0℃,表面温度之间存在显著差异(sig0.05)。4)浅池具有调温作用,"台田-浅池系统"共同形成的下垫面表面平均温度在夜间明显高于大田的,日间二者相近,平均差值为0.5℃,随季节略有不同,其中4-9月差值最小。5)"台田-浅池系统"符合地形小气候和农田小气候中气温要素的变化特征,但由于台田高度仅有2 m,这种地形小气候变化的幅度较小。 相似文献
876.
C. Xiao M. Ding V. Masson-Delmotte R. Zhang B. Jin J. Ren C. Li M. Werner Y. Wang X. Cui X. Wang 《Climate Dynamics》2013,41(9-10):2427-2438
Samples of surface snow were collected for stable isotope analysis along the traverse route from Zhongshan to Dome A (East Antarctica) from Dec 28th, 2007 to Feb. 8th, 2008. The local relationship between δD and surface temperature is established to be 6.4 ± 0.2 ‰ per °C, very similar to the average for East Antarctic. The deuterium excess shows a pattern of high values over Antarctica, particularly at Dome A. We compare our data with an atmospheric general circulation model which includes stable water isotopes (ECHAM5-wiso). The model simulation captures the right levels of δD, but overestimates δ18O. This study provides support for the ongoing deep ice core project at Dome A. 相似文献
877.
878.
Green tides are caused by the proliferation of chlorophytes under suitable hydrographic conditions.These blooms lead to environmental degradation and negatively impact the waters and seagrass beds,as well as fishing and other recreational activities in the bay.A comprehensive ecological understanding of the bloom dynamics,including the origin and persistence,is needed to foster management decisions.The algae in the great majority of green tide blooms usually belong to two genera of Ulvophyceae,Ulva and Enteromorpha.Ulva has been observed more often in recent years.In China,green tides occurred for the first time in the middle area of the Yellow Sea in 2007,and a large-scale algae blooming broke out in the middle and southern areas of the Yellow Sea in late May 2008.We identified them as Ulva prolifera by comparative analysis of the rDNA internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1),5.8S and ITS2 sequences in combination with microscopic observation.Morphological differences were found between the free-floating algae and the attached thalli.Various reproduction patterns of the free-floating algae include sexual,asexual and vegetative propagations,which played important roles in the long-term green tide persistence in China.The ITS sequences of the blooming algae were identical to those of the samples from the Lianyungang sea area but were different from the attached samples from the Qingdao sea area.The results infer that the blooms are originated from other sea areas rather than from the local attached populations. 相似文献
879.
Debris flows are recurrent natural hazards in many mountainous regions.This paper presents a numerical study on the propagation of debris flows in natural erodible open channels,in which the bed erosion and sedimentation processes are important.Based on the Bingham fluid theory,a mathematical model of the two-dimensional non-constant debris flow is developed.The governing equations include the continuity and momentum conservation equations of debris flow,the sediment convection-diffusion equation,the bed erosion-deposition equation and the bed-sediment size gradation adjustment equation.The yield stress and shear stress components are included to describe the dynamic rheological properties.The upwind control-volume Finite Volume Method (FVM) is applied to discretize the convection terms.The improved SIMPLE algorithm with velocity-free-surface coupled correction is developed to solve the equations on non-orthogonal,quadrilateral grids.The model is applied to simulate a debris flow event in Jiangjia Gully,Yunnan Province and to predict the flow pattern and bed erosion-deposition processes.The results show the effectiveness of the proposed numercial model in debris flow simulation and potential hazard analysis. 相似文献
880.
Monitoring and warning of landslides and debris flows using an optical fiber sensor technology 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
Huafu Pei Peng Cui Jianhua Yin Honghu Zhu Xiaoqing Chen Laizheng Pei Dongsheng Xu 《山地科学学报》2011,8(5):728-738
Landslides and debris flows are typical geo-hazards which occur in hilly or mountainous regions. Debris flows may result from landslides. Geotechnical instrumentation plays an important role in monitoring and warning of landslides and resulted debris flows. Traditional technologies for monitoring landslides and debris flows have certain limitations. The new optical fiber sensors presented in this paper can overcome those limitations. This paper presents two new optical fiber sensor systems: one is the Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG)-based in-place inclinometer for monitoring landslides and the other is the FBG-based column-net system for monitoring debris flows. This paper presents the calibration results of FBG-based in-place inclinometers in laboratory. It is found that the calibration results are in good agreement with theoretical results. Both the FBG-based in-place inclinometers and the FBG-based column-net system have been installed at a site in Weijiagou valley, Beichuan County, Sichuan Province of China. Some preliminary results have been obtained and reported in the paper. The advantages of the FBG monitoring systems and their potential applications are also presented. 相似文献