近14a新疆南疆绿洲地区地表蒸散与干旱的时空变化特征研究

利用2001—2014年MOD16蒸散产品数据、MOD13植被[WTBX]NDVI[WTBZ]数据以及常规气象资料,基于植被指数、地表净辐射、气温优化改进混合型线性双源遥感蒸散模型,拟合地表蒸散分析实际蒸散（ET）、潜在蒸散（PET）时空动态变化特征,结合气象站实测蒸发皿数据验证MOD16数据在绿洲地区的适用性。进一步定义蒸散干旱指数（EDI）并计算△EDI进行研究区干旱特征分析,为大面积特殊地形蒸散估算研究和干旱监测提供一定依据。结果表明：（1） MOD16产品数据与研究区实测蒸发皿数据的相关性很好,通过0.01显著性检验,基于MOD16数据估算南疆绿洲地区蒸散量检验可行。（2） 2001—2014年均蒸散量总体变化不大,四季差异明显,ET与PET空间变化趋势相反;ET、PET年均差值较大,绿洲地区地表缺水情况严重。（3） EDI指数绿洲地区年均值总体偏大,△EDI对旱情的反映和干旱程度的判断比较可靠。     

定量遥感课程有效教学方法探索与实践

定量遥感是遥感科学与技术专业的核心必修课程之一,其涉及内容广泛、基础模型复杂、核心算法众多,采用何种有效教学方法才能顺利完成本科教学目标与要求,成为目前教学过程中的重点和难点。本文提出了一套“知识转化率模型”的教学方法,认为单位学时内学生习得的知识量为教师输出量、学生接受量及学生知识转化率三者的乘积,只有每一单项均达到最优,最终的教学效果才能达到最优。文中详细列举了典型的具体教学措施,以促使“知识转化率模型”中每个单项达到最优化状态。结合“遥感地表温度与植被盖度空间”模型这一定量遥感知识点,阐述了上述教学方法的应用实践。本文研究有助于提升遥感科学与技术专业的教学质量与人才培养水平,也可为其他相关课程的教学提供参考。     

塔基海-气界面动量通量观测：向岸风和离岸风情形比较

本文使用塔基直接观测法研究海洋大气边界层中的海-气界面动量通量。首先,我们收集数据并和前人观测结果比对,其比对结果符合一致。其次,在低风速至中等风速条件下,我们发现海-气界面动量通量的交换系数（又称拖曳系数）对于向岸风和离岸风两种情形有所差异。为此,我们使用一个考虑表面波的参数化方案解释海-气界面动量通量对于表面波的依赖关系。这些结果一方面证实表面波对于海-气界面动量通量的影响,另一方面验证一个考虑表面波参数化方案的有效性。     

Influence of the earth rotation on the interfacial wave solutions and wave-induced tangential stress in a twolayer fluid system

Interfacial waves and wave-induced tangential stress are studied for geostrophic small amplitude waves of two-layer fluid with a top free surface and a flat bottom. The solutions were deduced from the general form of linear fluid dynamic equations of two-layer fluid under the f-plane approximation, and wave-induced tangential stress were estimated based on the solutions obtained. As expected, the solutions derived from the present work include as special cases those obtained by Sun et al. (2004. Science in China, Ser. D, 47(12):1147-1154) for geostrophic small amplitude surface wave solutions and wave-induced tangential stress if the density of the upper layer is much smaller than that of the lower layer. The results show that the interface and the surface will oscillate synchronously, and the influence of the earth''s rotation both on the surface wave solutions and the interfacial wave solutions should be considered.     

Strongly nonlinear long interfacial waves in uniform basic flows and their dispersion relationship

In this paper, long interfacial waves of finite amplitude in uniform basic flows are considered with the assumption that the aspect ratio between wavelength and water depth is small. A new model is derived using the velocities at arbitrary distances from the still water level as the velocity variables instead of the commonly used depth-averaged velocities. This significantly improves the dispersion properties and makes them applicable to a wider range of water depths. Since its derivation requires no assumption on wave amplitude, the model thus can be used to describe waves with arbitrary amplitude.     

Modeling vertical heat transport in the wave affected surface layer of the ocean

In considering the vertical heat transport problems in the upper ocean, the flat upper boundary approximation for the free surface and the horizontal homogenous hypothesis are usually applied. However, due to the existence of the wave motion, the application of this approximation may result in some errors to the solar irradiation since it decays quickly in respect to the actual thickness of the water layer below the surface; on the other hand, due to the fluctuation of the water layer depth, it is improper to neglect the effects of the horizontal advection and turbulent diffusion since they also contribute to the vertical heat transport. A new model is constructed in this study to reflect these effects. The corresponding numerical simulations show that the wave motion may remarkably accelerate the vertical heat transferring process and the variation of the temperature in the wave affected layer appears in an oscillating manner. Supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (863 Program, No. 2006AA09A309); China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (No. 20070411111) and the Fund of Shandong Province for the Excellent Post-Doctors (No. 200603056)     

Statistical distribution of nonlinear random water wave surface elevation

This study deals with the development of statistical modeling for water wave surface elevation by using a method that combines a dynamic solution with random process statistics. Ocean wave data taken from four NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) buoys moored in the northeast Pacific were used to validate the model. The results indicated that the nonlinear probability density distribution of ocean wave surface elevation derived from the model described the measurements much better than Gaussian distribution and Longuet-Higgins distribution.     

黄山光明顶雪,雨凇和雾凇的气候特征研究

本文用黄山1956—1996年气象资料,比较详细地分析讨论黄山雪、雨凇和雾凇的气候特征,结果表明：（1）年降雪日数、雨凇日数和雾凇日数均为一多波振动的时间演变规律,年际变化具有阶段性,并存在准12年周期的低频振荡。（2）10月到次年5月都有降雪、积雪、雨凇和雾凇出现,冬季出现日数最多;3月比冬季略少,但雨凇日数多于12月．（3）降雪最早初日为9月17日,最迟终日5月26日;积雪、雨凇和雾凇最早初日在10月,最迟终日在5月上、中旬。（4）日最大纯降雪量为30．0mm,出现在3月中旬;电线积冰量大重量为12148g／m,出现在12月。（5）雨凇保持阶段的气温在-4．5—0．8℃之间,比雾凇和雨雾凇高,次数按风向分布也无明显差异;雾凇和雨雾凇在NW风向附近次数最多。     

襄垣县54年气温降水特征对农作物影响

本文对襄垣县1957年-2010年的气温降水特征进行了分析,并对气候变化给当地农作物带来的影响进行了评价。分析表明,襄垣县近54年来年平均气温可分为一个冷期和一个暖期,且整体以0．3℃／10a的倾向率上升,春、秋、冬季气温变化趋势与年平均气温变化趋势一致,夏季则相反;年平均降水可分为两个多雨期和两个少雨期,并以-11．56mm／10a的倾向率减少,夏、秋季降水变化趋势与年降水变化趋势一致,春、冬季则相反;气候变化给当地农作物增产稳产带来了不利影响。     

鄱阳湖流域乐安河重金属污染水平

乐安河是鄱阳湖五大入湖水系中重金属污染最严重的水域.为研究其污染现状,于2003-2004年度对乐安河水体、底泥及水生生物的重金属污染进行了调查与分析.结果表明,乐安河水体中的重金属除Cu的含量超出地表水环境质量标准Ⅲ类标准外,其它各项监测指标均能达到地表水环境质量Ⅲ类标准.乐安河底泥的重金属含量平均值与国家土壤环境质量相比,Cu的平均值超出了三级标准,而Pb和Zn的含量指标均符合三级标准;通过地质累积指数评价结果表明,乐安河底泥中Cu为严重污染,Pb为偏中度污染,Zn为中度污染.乐安河水生植物对Cu,Pb,Zn都有不同程度的富集,根据富集系数评价表明,植物对Cu的平均富集能力相对较强,其次是Pb和Zn.浮游动物、植物和底栖动物也受到不同程度的污染,其分布和数量因河段水质变化的影响也出现类似的波动.