浅层地震在复杂断裂带探测中的应用研究

拟建中的潍河特大桥地处沂沭大断裂边缘。区内断裂发育,构造复杂,直接会影响大桥基础的稳定性,因而查清区内断裂带的准确位置与分布是大桥工程的关键。探测应用浅层地震折射波方法和选用追逐与相遇观测系统和大小排列相结合的工作方法,准确地查明了区内断裂的准确位置和特征,与钻井资料对比,十分吻合。     

几种环境因子对龙须菜α-半乳糖苷酶活性的影响

红藻中的α-半乳糖苷酶是一种重要的红藻糖苷水解酶。以龙须菜的三个品系为材料 ,研究了几种环境因子如光暗周期、盐度、温度及氮浓度改变对该酶活性的影响。发现 α-半乳糖苷酶活性有明显的日变化规律 :光周期内开始光照 6 h酶活达到峰值 ,在随后的暗周期酶活性维持在较低水平且变化缓慢。 33盐度下培养的藻移到高盐培养 3d后测得酶活性降低 ,而移到低盐培养的则酶活性升高。温度对该酶活性也有显著影响 ,在 15℃或 30℃培养的藻酶活性均高于通常生长温度的活性。该酶的活性与培养基中氮浓度也有密切的关系。     

养殖中国对虾肝胰脏细小病毒病的免疫金银染色法诊断研究

80年代以来 ,肝胰脏细小病毒病在养殖中国对虾中广泛流行并造成了一定的损失。作者采用免疫金银染色 (immunogold silver staining,IGSS)技术 ,对患病对虾肝胰脏中的细小病毒(Hepatopancreatic parvovirus,HPV)进行了免疫组织化学的研究。结果表明 ,经 IGSS染色的病虾肝胰脏上皮细胞核内出现了黑色的、圆形或椭圆形、大小为 3～ 15μm的结构。由于该结构与 H- E染色切片上出现的肝胰脏细小病毒包涵体在发生部位、形态和大小上皆一致 ,故而认为该结构为HPV包涵体。证明 ,免疫金银染色法是一种可应用于中国对虾肝胰脏细小病毒病诊断的有效方法。     

Residues,sources and tissue distributions of organochlorine pesticides in dog sharks (Mustelus griseus) from Zhoushan Fishing Ground,China

Ten dog sharks (Mustelus griseus) collected from Zhoushan Fishing Ground, China, were analysed for organochlorine pesticides in various tissues, including muscle, liver, skin, gill and fin, with the aim to study the residues, sources and tissue distributions of these chemicals in high trophic level marine fishes. The concentrations of DDTs, HCHs, and chlordanes varied from 7.27–26.62, 2.67–3.35, and 0.54–0.61 ng/g wet weight, respectively, with the estimated daily intake far below the acceptable daily intake and Chinese edible hygienic criteria. Data from the tissue distribution suggested a tendency of DDTs and chlordanes to accumulate in the liver, but for HCHs, direct gill penetration may be an important means of entrance. In addition, the compositional profiles indicated that the residues of HCHs and chlordanes mainly originated from the historical usage of these chemicals. However, the predominant maternal compounds and the o,p′-DDT/p,p′-DDT ratios reflected a recent use of dicofol.     

单、双向振动条件下饱和粉砂变形特性对比试验研究

由于仪器水平的限制,关于土体的动力特性的研究目前多采用单向激振方式替代双向激振方式。而这两种激振方式在试验原理方面存在明显不同。很多研究表明,应力路径对土的响应有着不可忽视的影响,这两种方式相替代的合理性尚待证明。本文利用DSC2000多功能动三轴试验系统,选取尾矿砂分别在单向及双向振动条件下进行一系列饱和土的动力特性试验,对比两种激振方式作用下土体的滞回曲线以及骨干曲线的差异,分析土体在这两种振动方式下产生差异的原因,并应用双曲线模型对骨干曲线进行拟合,最后给出在进行土体变形特性试验时以单向激振方式替代双向激振方式的适用条件。     

Non-point source pollution estimation in the Pingqiao River Basin,China, using a spatial hydrograph-separation approach

For efficient and targeted management, this study demonstrates a recently developed non-point source (NPS) pollution model for a year-long estimation in the Pingqiao River Basin (22.3 km²) in China. This simple but physically reasonable model estimates NPS export in terms of land use by reflecting spatial hydrological features and source runoff measurements under different land-use types. The NPS export was separately analysed by a distributed hydrological model, a spatial hydrograph-separation technique, and an empirical water quality sub-model. Simulation results suggest that 57 890 kg of total nitrogen (TN) and 1148 kg of total phosphorus (TP) were delivered. The results, validated with observed stream concentrations, show relative errors of 23.3% for TN and 47.4% for TP. Countermeasures for urban areas (5.3% of total area) were prioritized because of the high contribution rate to TN (14.1%) and TP (26.2%) which is caused by the high degree of runoff (8.5%) and pollution source.     

谱比法反演震源谱拐角频率的改进研究

由于地震波的信噪比,传播路径效应,震源机制差异和震源过程等因素的影响,传统的谱比法反演的拐角频率结果不精确,离散性大。以谱比法为基础,引入Bootstrap重采样法,KolmogorovSmirnov检验以及谱比趋势检验的筛选方法,对谱比法的反演结果进行精度评定和筛选,提高谱比法反演的拐角频率精度。将此方法应用于汶川地震余震的拐角频率、地震辐射能量、辐射效率以及能矩比等震源参数反演,建立拐角频率与地震矩之间的对应关系,验证谱比法以及三种筛选方法的可靠性。汶川地震余震震源参数反演结果表明,汶川地震余震的拐角频率与地震矩对应关系M₀∝f_c^-3.295±0.25存在与自相似关系M₀∝f_c^-3偏离现象。在地震释放能量方面,存在能矩比随地震矩增大而增大,以及大地震的辐射效率大于小地震的现象。     

不同掏蚀深度下古城墙的稳定性数值分析

以浙江良渚古城的宽顶古场面墙稳定性问题为研究对象,本文针对古城墙可能出现的不同深度的风沙掏蚀的实际工况,通过有限差分软件FLAC3D,建立计算模型进行了稳定性分析,探讨了不同掏蚀深度下城墙破坏机理和规律.研究表明:当城墙墙根掏蚀深度不是很大时,城墙整体稳定,土体开始出现比较小的位移量,掏蚀部位及其周围出现局部塑性破坏现象.随着掏蚀深度的增加,城墙塑性破坏区域不断向城墙体内部、顶部及顶部后缘范围发展,城墙上的土体位移量随着掏蚀深度的增加而呈数量级的增加,直至城墙出现整体崩塌破坏.掏蚀作用加剧了地震作用下城墙体的破坏,在掏蚀部位形成潜在破坏口,内部形成塑性贯通区,造成墙体整体崩塌.     

不同频带数字化测震对比

通过对蒙城地震台不同频带数字化测震仪器记录的波形及震级进行对比分析,得出不同频带仪器记录不同地震事件的特点及其优越性,有利于提高数字化资料分析的精度.在进一步保证蒙城地震台观测资料的完整性和提高全频带数字化测震观测质量的同时,为蒙城地球物理野外观测研究站的科学研究提供有力数据支持.     

Potential wind erosion rate response to climate and land‐use changes in the watershed of the Ningxia–Inner Mongolia reach of the Yellow River,China, 1986–2013

Climate and land‐use changes could strongly affect wind erosion and in turn cause a series of environmental problems. Thus, the objective of this study was to assess potential wind erosion rate (PWER) response to climate and land‐use changes in the watershed of the Ningxia–Inner Mongolia Reach of the Yellow River (NIMRYR), China. The watershed of NIMRYR suffers from serious wind erosion hazards, and over recent decades, wind erosion intensity and distribution has changed, following climate and land‐use changes. To understand these processes in the NIMRYR watershed, the Integrated Wind Erosion Modelling System (IWEMS) and the Revised Wind Erosion Equation (RWEQ) were used to calculate the PWER under different climate conditions and land‐use scenarios, and to assess the influences of climate and land‐use changes on the PWER. The results show the PWER in the whole watershed had a significant declining trend from 1986 to 2013. The results of the relationship among PWER, climate change, and land‐use changes showed that climate change was the dominant control on the PWER change in this watershed. Compared to the period 1986–1995, the average PWER decreased 23.32% and 64.98% as a result of climate change in the periods 1996–2005 and 2006–2013, respectively. In contrast with climate change, the effects of land‐use changes on the average PWER were much lower, and represented a change in PWER of less than 3.3% across the whole watershed. The study method we used could provide some valuable reference for wind erosion modelling, and the research results should help climate and land‐use researchers to develop strategies to reduce wind erosion. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.