青川Ms6.4级地震加速度记录与衰减关系研究

四川汶川Ms8.0级地震后,甘肃省地震局在甘川交界地区布设了多个强震动流动观测站,2008年5月25日记录到了1次最大余震,震级为Ms6.4。27个强震动台站共获得了81条记录。这次强余震记录到的最近震中距为12 km,最远为485 km,其中最大加速度峰值为367.6 cm/s2,最小加速度峰值为0.8 cm/s2。相比较汶川地震的强震动记录,由于流动观测台站的布设使得本次地震的记录具有更好的线性分布,震中距也更为丰富,因而更利于研究这一地区的地震动衰减关系。利用统计方法获得了加速度峰值随震中距的衰减关系,基本服从幂函数衰减关系。这一结果对甘肃东南部地区震害研究和抗震设防具有重要的应用价值。     

中国荒漠类自然保护区保护成效评估指标及其应用

自然保护区的保护成效是近年来一个重要科学问题。中国荒漠类自然保护区面积比例较高,而针对其保护成效问题的研究较少。本文以中国荒漠类自然保护区为研究对象,结合国内外自然保护区保护成效的相关研究,构建了荒漠类自然保护区保护成效评估指标体系,包括5个因素层共计20个评估指标,并在安西极旱荒漠国家级自然保护区进行了示范应用。结果表明:本研究构建的指标体系能够反映荒漠类自然保护区主要保护对象的动态变化,从而为科学客观评估荒漠类自然保护区保护成效、提升管理水平提供重要参考依据。此外,通过示范评估可以看出,安西保护区在物种及珍稀濒危生物保护方面取得了一定成效,但在珍稀濒危及特有物种和生态系统服务功能等方面的科研监测尚有待加强。     

中水设施建设适宜性评价:以北京市为例

水资源的缺乏使越来越多的城市和城区开始使用中水作为额外的经济合理的供水水源,并为此制定相应政策。然而,不适宜的中水利用政策往往对用水户使用再生水产生不利影响。本研究目的在于评价中水设施建设适宜性并分析不同行业的中水利用适宜情况,为制定或修订中水利用政策提供参考。本研究以北京市为研究区,在中水生产成本影响因素分析基础上,得到了中水设施建设限制因素和中水设施建设适宜条件,并对北京市机关、高校、饭店的用水户进行了适宜性评价。本研究结果表明,运行水量对中水生产成本有决定性影响。有效原水量对应的给水量、有效中水需求量、建筑面积适合作为中水设施建设影响因素,它们的下限可作为中水设施建设适宜条件。本研究通过分析北京市部分机关、高校、饭店用水户的用水情况,得到这些行业的中水设施建设适宜条件,并用于适宜性评价。评价结果表明,大部分机关用水户和大部分一、二星级饭店不适宜建设中水设施,而大部分高校和大部分三星级以上饭店适宜建设中水设施。     

大同盆地砷、氟中毒地方病生态地球化学研究

山西大同盆地属干冷荒漠景观条件的半封闭型断陷盆地。区内有害元素的聚集导致氟中毒等多种地方病肆虐,20世纪90年代因开发和饮用深层地下水爆发了水砷中毒病。经地球化学调查发现:地下潜水高含F,超标1.3～12倍;深层承压地下水富As,砷含量超标2～20倍。砷中毒发病率与饮水中As3+/∑As比值呈正相关关系。盆地周边分布多层富含As和F的地层和火成岩体,处于富As、F的区域地球化学省内。由于大同盆地的不均匀沉降,在其边缘部分形成深凹陷带,含砷下渗地下水经有机碳质层的还原作用,使砷还原为三价,提高了地下水的毒性并滞留聚集。探讨了F、As富集和中毒的机理和生态地球化学危害评价,提出了治理和外围调查预测建议。     

Experimental study of the transformation of bound long waves over a mild slope with ambient currents

The effect of currents on the variation of cross-shore bound long waves forced by bichromatic waves over a plane slope was investigated in the laboratory. In still water the growth rate of the shoaling bound long waves over the slope is proportional to h^– 5/2 (h is still-water depth). It was found that the opposing current makes the amplitudes of the bound long waves greater than those of still water for all cases. However, the amplitudes of bound long waves in a following current are reduced in the weakly modulated cases but are enhanced in the fully modulated case.     

Experimental study of wave–wave nonlinear interactions using the wavelet-based bicoherence

The wavelet-based bicoherence, which is a new and powerful tool in the analysis of nonlinear phase coupling, is used to study the nonlinear wave–wave interactions of breaking and non-breaking gravity waves propagating over a sill. Two cases of mechanically generated random waves based on Jonswap spectra are used for this purpose. Values of relative depth, k_ph (k_p is the wave number of the spectral peak and h is the water depth) for this study range between 0.38 and 1.22. The variations of wavelet-based total bicoherence for the test cases indicate that the degree of quadratic phase coupling increases in the shoaling region consistent with a wave profile that is pitched shoreward, relative to a vertical axis as seen in the experiments, but decreases in the de-shoaling region. For the non-breaking case, the degree of quadratic phase coupling continues to increase until waves reach the top of the sill. Breaking waves, however, achieve their highest level of quadratic phase coupling immediately before incipient breaking and the degree of phase coupling decreases sharply following breaking. In addition the wavelet-based bicoherence spectra provide evidence of the harmonics' growth which is reflected in the energy spectra. The bicoherence spectra also show that quadratic phase coupling between modes within the peak frequency as well as between modes of the peak frequency and its higher harmonics are dominant in the shoaling region, even though there are relatively high levels of quadratic phase coupling occurring between other frequencies. Furthermore, using the temporal resolution property of the wavelet-based bicoherence, we find that the quadratic wave interactions occur more readily during segments of time with large change of wave amplitude, rather than those segments having large wave amplitudes, but small gradients in amplitude.     

浅析中国铟资源特点及产业现状

铟是一种银白色并略带淡蓝色光泽的稀有金属,具有延展性好,可塑性强,熔点低,沸点高,低电阻,抗腐蚀等优良特性,且具有较好的光渗透性和导电性。生产ITO靶材（用于制造液晶显示器和触摸屏等）是铟最主要的消费领域;其次为电器元件和半导体领域、合金领域及研究行业等其他应用领域。铟资源是中国战略性新兴产业的重要资源,同时被许多国家列入关键性矿产资源的名单中。     

莺歌海盆地与琼东南盆地成藏条件的比较及天然气勘探方向

莺歌海盆地和琼东南盆地常被合称为莺琼盆地，但二者的天然气成藏条件明显不同，莺歌海盆地第三－第四系巨厚，老第三纪崖城组和陵水组强烈过成熟，有效源岩为新第三纪三亚组和梅山组，而琼东南盆地的主要源岩为崖城组和陵水组，上第三系的生烃强度较低；尽管莺歌海盆地和琼东南盆地均为超压盆地，但莺歌海盆地强超压和右旋张扭应力场的共同作用导致超压囊顶部破裂并发育底辟，实现了超压流体包括天然气的垂向集中排放，而琼东南盆地总体上仍为侧向分散流体系统。莺歌海盆地的重要勘探领域是与底辟有关的圈闭，而琼东南盆地的主要勘探领域应为与下第三系源岩具有良好输导通道的上第三系岩性－构造复合圈闭或下第三系构造圈闭。     

芦岭煤矿地面煤层气开发选区评价研究

芦岭煤矿是我国典型的高瓦斯突出矿井,煤层变形复杂,含气量高,渗透率低,煤层气丰度高,抽采难度大,有利区块优选对于煤与煤层气协调开发至关重要。在深刻剖析构造、煤厚、气含量等储层地质特征、研究影响主采煤层煤层气运移富集地质因素的基础上,运用层次分析法计算出各影响因素的权重,通过综合定量评价．提出煤矿北部C区是地面煤层气开发的最有利块段。     

Sr/Ca and Ca/Ca fractionation during inorganic calcite formation: II. Ca isotopes

Ca isotope fractionation during inorganic calcite formation was experimentally studied by spontaneous precipitation at various precipitation rates (1.8 < log R < 4.4 μmol/m²/h) and temperatures (5, 25, and 40 °C) with traces of Sr using the CO₂ diffusion technique.Results show that in analogy to Sr/Ca [see Tang J., Köhler S. J. and Dietzel M. (2008) Sr²⁺/Ca²⁺ and ⁴⁴Ca/⁴⁰Ca fractionation during inorganic calcite formation: I. Sr incorporation. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta] the ⁴⁴Ca/⁴⁰Ca fractionation during calcite formation can be followed by the Surface Entrapment Model (SEMO). According to the SEMO calculations at isotopic equilibrium no fractionation occurs (i.e., the fractionation coefficient α_calcite-aq = (⁴⁴Ca/⁴⁰Ca)_s/(⁴⁴Ca/⁴⁰Ca)_aq = 1 and Δ^44/40Ca_calcite-aq = 0‰), whereas at disequilibrium ⁴⁴Ca is fractionated in a primary surface layer (i.e., the surface entrapment factor of ⁴⁴Ca, F_44Ca < 1). As a crystal grows at disequilibrium, the surface-depleted ⁴⁴Ca is entrapped into the newly formed crystal lattice. ⁴⁴Ca depletion in calcite can be counteracted by ion diffusion within the surface region. Our experimental results show elevated ⁴⁴Ca fractionation in calcite grown at high precipitation rates due to limited time for Ca isotope re-equilibration by ion diffusion. Elevated temperature results in an increase of ⁴⁴Ca ion diffusion and less ⁴⁴Ca fractionation in the surface region. Thus, it is predicted from the SEMO that an increase in temperature results in less ⁴⁴Ca fractionation and the impact of precipitation rate on ⁴⁴Ca fractionation is reduced.A highly significant positive linear relationship between absolute ⁴⁴Ca/⁴⁰Ca fractionation and the apparent Sr distribution coefficient during calcite formation according to the equation

Δ^44/40Ca_calcite-aq=(−1.90±0.26)·logD_Sr−2.83±0.28