西藏纳木错水深分布及现代湖沼学特征初步分析

2005-2007年对两藏最大的湖泊--纳木错进行了三次综合考察,获得了大量的基础数据和研究材料.本文简要报道纳木错水深测量及其现代湖沼学特征的初步结果.等深线图显示纳木错是一个高海拔的深水湖,湖盆中部是一个水深超过90m底部较为平坦的盆地.考察中发现湖泊西北部出现了两个小岛,而1970s考察时仍为半岛,因而水深数据提供了近30年来纳木错湖面上升的有力证据.现场水质测量在16个站点进行,覆盖了除东部湖区以外的大部分湖面范围,结果显示表层水的温度、pH、溶解氧、电导率和环境光的平均值分别为11.63℃、9.13、7.93mg/L、1839μS/cm、2582μmol/(s·m2),根据湖水特征的垂直变化,较深水域的湖水显示了明显的分层特征:上层湖水从表层到约18-20m,水质参数均一,温度较高,光照充足:中间层范围约为20-60m,是一个明显的温跃层;底层水性质也很稳定,水温很低几乎没有光线到达,形成了寒冷黑暗的深水区.     

海洋强国背景下我国发展现代海水养殖业路径分析

海水养殖业是我国最重要的海洋支柱产业之一,在国民蛋白质供给、粮食安全保障和带动沿海经济社会发展等方面具有重要地位。发展现代海水养殖业是构建现代海洋产业技术体系,落实海洋强国战略的重要举措和有效途径。文章通过梳理世界海水养殖业发展轨迹,分析国外发达国家海水养殖业的产业发展现状和经验,厘清制约我国海水养殖业健康可持续发展的关键问题,提出了在当前建设海洋强国背景下推动我国海水养殖产业快速转型升级的路径对策建议,即加强产业顶层规划设计、构建完善法律法规体系、培育现代海洋种业、持续推动养殖模式升级和实施品牌化战略,提升产品附加值等。     

Effect of temperature and irradiance on the growth and reproduction of Enteromorpha prolifera J. Ag. （Chlorophycophyta,Chlorophyceae）

Effect of temperature and irradiance on growth and reproduction of Enteromorpha prolifera that bloomed offshore along the Qingdao coast in summer 2008, was studied. It was showed that E. prolifera propagated mainly asexually with specific growth rate （SGR） of 10.47 at 25℃/40 μmol m^-2s^-1. Under this condition, gametes with two flagellate formed and released in 5 days. At the beginning of the development, the unicell gamete divided into two cells with heteropolarity, and then the apical cell developed into thalli primordial cells, whereas the basal cell developed into rhizoid primordial cells. In 8-day culture, the monoplast gamete developed into juvenile germling of 240 μm in length. Unreleased gametes can develop directly within the alga body. E. prolifera could either reproduce through lateral branching or fragmenting except apomixis revealed by Microscopic observation. On aged tissue of E. prolifera, although the degraded pigments partially remained in faded algal filaments, numerous vegetative cells could still divide actively in the algal tissues.     

西藏纳木错深水湖芯反映的8.4ka以来气候环境变化*

利用地震剖面仪和回声测深仪调查了纳木错大部分湖区的水深和沉积物厚度分布,并在湖区东部水深60m的湖盆利用PISTON采样器获得一个332cm长的钻孔。对该钻孔进行了12个 AMS ¹⁴ C年代测定,并进行了日历年龄校正和"碳库"效应估算,根据沉积物平均粒径建立了整个钻孔的深度-年代模式。对该钻孔进行了有机碳、总氮、正构烷烃、粒度、元素地球化学、碳酸钙和矿物等环境指标的分析,结果显示8.4ka以来湖区环境变化可以分为明显的3个阶段。早期约8400 ~6400aB.P. ,以温度缓慢下降为主,但在8100 ~7800aB.P.出现一次显著的冷干事件; 中期为6400 ~2900aB.P. ,其开始显示了温暖湿润的环境特点,在6000aB.P.左右出现最强的暖湿特征后其后期转向冷干,在3000 ~2900aB.P.达到寒冷和干旱的低谷,反映了新冰期时期的温度强烈下降和降水的分配不均; 晚期从2900aB.P. 到现在,尽管温度出现回升,但总体上显示了向冷干波动变化的趋势,期间第一次降温在 1800 ~1600aB.P. ,之后温度回升后在600 ~300aB.P.再次下降,前者反映了公元初期的降温,后者则是小冰期的反映。     

Water and sediment chemistry of Lake Pumayum Co,South Tibet,China: implications for interpreting sediment carbonate

A combination of water and sediment chemistry was used to investigate carbonate production and preservation in Lake Pumayum Co (altitude 5,030 m a.s.l.), south Tibet, China. We compared the chemical composition of lake water in various parts of the lake with that of input rivers and found that the loss of Ca²⁺ results from calcite sedimentation induced by evaporation and biogenic precipitation. This is supported by evaporation data from the catchment and δ¹⁸O measurements on water. Results suggest that CaCO₃ is the predominant carbonate in this lake. There is a positive correlation in the sediments among concentrations of total inorganic carbon (TIC), Ca, total organic carbon (TOC), and total nitrogen, confirming that most carbonates in sediment are endogenic. The Jiaqu River is the largest inflow to Lake Pumayum Co and has a strong influence on both lake water chemistry and sediment composition. The river and lake bathymetry influence carbonate sedimentation by affecting water flow velocity and growing conditions for macrophytes. Different carbon contents and relationships between TIC and TOC in the two long cores from different depths in the lake reveal that hypolimnetic conditions also influence carbonate precipitation and preservation.     

Genetic analysis of selected Sargassum fusiforme (Harvey) Setchell (Sargassaceae,Phaeophyta) strains with RAPD and ISSR markers

Since the 1980s,Sargassum fusiforme has been cultivated in Zhejiang,South China,and nowadays it becomes one of the important commercial seaweeds in China.With traditions of eating habits in the East Asian countries,this brown alga is used as food,because it contained functional oligo/polysaccharides and chemical components,and was regarded playing roles in antioxidant activities and regulating immunology.Through over 15 years’selection,breeding and cultivation,we obtained three strains with good traits and testified their characters during the production,which included the cultivars with high yield and other two good characters,either all the selected strains were applied in the Sargassum production.To avoid confusion during the selection and nursery,it was preferred to establish one fingerprint for distinguishing the Sargassum cultivars from different strains.Random amplified polymorphic DNA(RAPD)and inter-simple sequence repeat(ISSR)methods were adopted to analyze the genetic diversities of the selected S.fusiforme strains.With that,one fingerprint with RAPD markers was constructed,and one sequence characterized amplifi ed region(SCAR)marker to S.fusiforme was obtained.It is indicated that the applied fingerprint could be valid in S.fusiforme genetic and germplasm justification,and will be positive to molecular marker assistance in its selection and cultivation.     

Early development of Costaria costata (C. Agardh) Saunders and cultivation trials

Costaria costata(C.Agardh) Saunders is one of common kelps distributed in many coastal areas worldwide;however,in China,no reports have been made on cultivation of the genus.To investigate potential cultivation of the species in the northern part of China,trials on isolation and preservation of the gametophytes were conducted using C.costata from Korea;growth and development of the gametophytes were observed.We showed that at 10±1°C,60 μmol m-2s-1 and 12:12 h(L:D),freshly released zoospores settled down wit...     

Modern pollen assemblages from surface lake sediments and their environmental implications on the southwestern Tibetan Plateau

The relationships amongst modern pollen assemblages, vegetation, climate and human activity are the basis for reconstructing palaeoenvironmental changes using pollen records. It is important to determine these relationships at regional scales due to the development of vegetation under different climatic conditions and human activities. In this paper, we report on an analysis of modern pollen assemblages of 31 surface lake samples from 31 lakes (one sample per lake) on the southwestern Tibetan Plateau where the knowledge of modern pollen and their relationships with vegetation, climate and human activities is insufficient. The region includes five vegetation zones: sub‐alpine shrub steppe, alpine steppe, alpine meadow and steppe ecotone, mountain desert and alpine desert. The lakes span a wide range of mean annual precipitation (50–500 mm) and mean annual temperature (?8 to 6 °C). Modern pollen assemblages from our samples mainly consist of herb taxa (Artemisia, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, Chenopodiaceae, etc.) and some tree taxa (Pinus, Fagaceae, Alnus, etc.). The results indicate that modern pollen assemblages are able to reflect the main vegetation distribution. Redundancy analysis for the main pollen types and environmental variables shows that precipitation is the leading factor that influences the pollen distribution in the study area with the first axis capturing 13.7% of the variance in the pollen data set. The Artemisia/Chenopodiaceae ratio is valid for separating the desert component (<2) from the steppe and other vegetation zones (>2) but is unable to distinguish moisture variations. The Artemisia/Cyperaceae ratio is able to identify meadows (<1) and steppes (>1) and can be used as a moisture index on the southwestern Tibetan Plateau. Our results show that an appropriate range is needed for a modern pollen data set in order to perform pollen‐based quantitative climate reconstructions in one region. It is essential to perform modern studies before using pollen ratios to reconstruct palaeovegetation and palaeoclimate at a regional scale.     

Effect of temperature and irradiance on the growth and reproduction of Enteromorpha prolifera J. Ag. （Chlorophycophyta, Chlorophyceae）

Effect of temperature and irradiance on growth and reproduction of Enteromorpha prolifera that bloomed offshore along the Qingdao coast in summer 2008, was studied. It was showed that E. prolifera propagated mainly asexually with specific growth rate (SGR) of 10.47 at 25°C/40 μmol m-2s-1. Under this condition, gametes with two flagellate formed and released in 5 days. At the beginning of the development, the unicell gamete divided into two cells with heteropolarity, and then the apical cell developed into thalli primordial cells, whereas the basal cell developed into rhizoid primordial cells. In 8-day culture, the monoplast gamete developed into juvenile germling of 240 μm in length. Unreleased gametes can develop directly within the alga body. E. prolifera could either reproduce through lateral branching or fragmenting except apomixis revealed by Microscopic observation. On aged tissue of E. prolifera, although the degraded pigments partially remained in faded algal filaments, numerous vegetative ceils could still divide actively in the algal tissues.     

铜同位素示踪覆盖区地表土壤的异常来源初探:以福建罗卜岭隐伏铜钼矿床为例

地表微细粒土壤地球化学测量是国内研究较多的深穿透地球化学方法之一,判断地表异常与深部隐伏矿体的关系是未来该方法广泛应用的理论基础。以已知的隐伏矿床——紫金山罗卜岭铜钼矿床为研究对象,利用铜同位素示踪覆盖区地表土壤的异常来源。结果显示:(1)矿石单矿物的δ⁶⁵Cu变化范围较小(-0.04‰~0.56‰),指示较高的成矿温度(250~300 ℃);钻孔由深至浅,矿石的δ⁶⁵Cu值具有明显升高的趋势,符合斑岩型成矿系统早期至晚期铜同位素的变化特征,流体分馏是造成不同阶段形成的矿石铜同位素存在差异的主要原因。(2)背景区地表土壤铜含量的平均值(59.4 μg/g)显著低于异常区(131.0 μg/g)。背景区土壤δ⁶⁵Cu变化范围为-1.94‰~-0.82‰,平均值为-1.38‰;异常区土壤δ⁶⁵Cu变化范围为-5.01‰~1.05‰,平均值为-1.40‰,背景区和异常区铜同位素组成相差不大。(3)本次利用铜同位素组成判别地表介质铜异常来源的效果不理想,可能因为矿石本身的铜同位素组成存在差异,地表土壤本身的铜同位素信息覆盖了来自深部与隐伏铜矿体有关的信息,或从深部原生环境迁移至地表氧化环境的过程中,因氧化还原反应发生了铜同位素的分馏。