Satellite detection of IR precursors using bi-angular advanced along-track scanning radiometer data: a case study of Yushu earthquake

The paper has developed and proposed a synthesis analysis method based on the robust satellite data analysis technique(RST) to detect seismic anomalies within the bi-angular advanced along-track scanning radiometer(AATSR) gridded brightness temperature(BT)data based on spatial/temporal continuity analysis. The proposed methods have been applied to analyze the Yushu(Qinghai, China) earthquake occurred on 14 th April 2010,and a full AATSR data-set of 8 years data from March2003 to May 2010 with longitude from 91°E to 101°E and latitude from 28°N to 38°N has been analyzed. Combining with the tectonic explanation of spatial and temporal continuity of the abnormal phenomena, the analyzed results indicate that the infrared radiation anomalies detected by the AATSR BT data with nadir view appear and enhance gradually along with the development and occurring of the earthquake, especially along the Ganzi-Yushu fault, Nu River fault and Jiali-Chayu fault; more infrared anomalies along the earthquake fault zone(Lancangjiang fault and Ning Karma Monastery-Deqin fault) are detected using the proposed synthesis analysis method, which can also characterize the activity of seismic faults more precisely.     

An improved algorithm of simulation on air-sea turbulent heat fluxes in China seas

With a global GSSTF2 and NCEP/NCAR reanalysis database and observation data at the Yong Xing station of Xisha Island in the South China Sea, we simulated the turbulent sensible and latent heat flux at sea surface in Chinese and neighboring seas (hereafter termed as China seas) using a common bulk method with some improved parameters. Comparing the simulated results with the observed and reanalyzed data, the improvement yielded higher accuracy, a smaller mean square deviation within 10 W/m2, and a smaller average relative error at about 25%. In addition, spatial resolution was improved to 0.1°×0.1°. The simulation is able to replay the main features of regional and seasonal variation in turbulent heat fluxes, and also the general pattern of heat flux changes during the summer monsoon outbreak in the South China Sea.     

Soil hydraulic properties for moisture redistribution in a large-scale heterogeneous landscape

Abstract

Guidelines of effective soil hydraulic parameters were developed to be applicable in simulating average infiltration and subsequent moisture redistribution over a large-scale heterogeneous field. Average large-scale infiltration and redistribution in heterogeneous soils were quantified through multiple simulations of local-scale processes. The effective hydraulic parameters were derived to simulate the average amount of infiltrating water, and to capture the subsequent surface soil moisture redistribution averaged over the large heterogeneous landscape. The results demonstrated that the effective hydraulic parameters typically exhibited a step change from infiltration to redistribution, with the size of the step change being related to the degree of hydraulic parameter heterogeneity and the correlations among the hydraulic parameters. However, the effective hydraulic parameters did not change significantly over time for the moisture redistribution. It was further demonstrated that the size of the step change was smallest for effective saturated hydraulic conductivity.

Editor Z.W. Kundzewicz; Associate editor Y. Guttman

Citation Zhu, J.T. and Sun, D.M., 2012. Soil hydraulic properties for moisture redistribution in a large-scale heterogeneous landscape. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 57 (6), 1196–1206.     

Early development of Costaria costata (C. Agardh) Saunders and cultivation trials

Costaria costata (C. Agardh) Saunders is one of common kelps distributed in many coastal areas worldwide; however, in China, no reports have been made on cultivation of the genus. To investigate potential cultivation of the species in the northern part of China, trials on isolation and preservation of the gametophytes were conducted using C. costata from Korea; growth and development of the gametophytes were observed. We showed that at 10±1°C, 60 μmol m⁻²s⁻¹ and 12:12 h (L:D), freshly released zoospores settled down within 1 hour, and then developed into the primary cell during the following 2 days. After a vegetative growth phase lasting 6–8 days, female gametophytes became 3–4 times larger in diameter than that of the primary cell, but still remained at a unicellular stage, while male gametophytes divided into 4–10 cells with only a slight change in size. Fertilization occurred within 10 days after the zoospores were released from the sporangia, and the apical and basal tissues of the juvenile sporophyte divided and differentiated into the blade and stipe. Temperature and irradiance influenced gametophytic vegetative growth and developmental patterns. Generally, low irradiance (15 μmol m⁻²s⁻¹ and 30 μmol m⁻²s⁻¹) was unfavorable to the induction of fertility, but it enhanced female gametophyte division. The optimal conditions for vegetative growth were 15°C and 30 μmol m⁻²s⁻¹. After transplantation of the juvenile seedlings and after eight months cultivation, the harvested mature blade reached 194 cm in length and 32.7 cm in width. Our study proves that it is feasible to implement propagation and large scale cultivation of C. costata in northern China.     

藏南普莫雍错流域水体离子组成与空间分布及其环境意义(英文)

The chemistry of major cations (Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, Na⁺, and K⁺) and anions (HCO₃ ⁻, SO₄ ²⁻, and Cl⁻) in the water of Lake Pumayum Co and its inflow river was studied, revealing the obvious ionic difference among various inflow rivers and the lake. The chemical type of the lake water was Mg²⁺-Ca²⁺-HCO₃ ⁻-SO₄ ²⁺, but the major ions of the main inflow rivers were Ca²⁺-Mg²⁺-HCO₃ ⁻. In the lake inlet of Jiaqu River, the main inflow river, there was significant variance of water chemistry within the depth less than 2 m. However, it was almost homogeneous at other area of the lake. Therefore, with the evidence of distribution of water chemistry and oxygen isotope of lake water, a conclusion can be outlined that Jiaqu River had a distinct effect on the hydrochemistry of the water on the submerged delta, whereas this is not the case for other rivers. The Gibbs plot revealed that the dominant mechanism responsible for controlling chemical compositions of the lake water was rocks weathering in the drainage area. Ion ratios and ternary plots further explored the main processes controlling the water chemistry of the catchment, i.e., carbonate weathering, pyrite weathering, and silicate weathering. The different hydrochemistry characteristics between river water and lake water may result from the CaCO₃ precipitation. The findings will benefit the explanation of the environmental significance of carbonate in paleolimnological studies in the lake.     

Expressed sequence tag analysis and cloning of trehalose-6-phosphate synthase gene from marine alga Laminaria japonica (Phaeophyta)

A high quality cDNA library was constructed from the brown alga Laminaria japonica,with the titer of 1.2×10 5 pfu/ml.The average insert size of the cDNA library is about 1.6 kb.From the cDNA library,591 cDNA clones were randomly selected and sequenced.As a result,574 EST(expressed sequence tag) sequences were generated.All of the 574 ESTs were submitted to the dbEST database section of GenBank with the accession numbers from CX942625 to CX943198.The cDNA library was screened with a α-32 p labeled 453 bp T P S gene probe,which is a partial sequence yielded from Porphyra yezoensis.Four positive cDNA clones were screened and the sequencing data showed that these four cDNA clones covered majority of L.japonica TPS cDNA sequence.After PCR amplification,sequencing and assembling,the entire ORF(open reading frame) sequence of the T P S gene was obtained,which was named LjTPS.LjTPS encodes a protein containing 908 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 101 674 Daltons.The LjTPS gene was successfully expressed in E.coli and rice.The LjTPS gene has potential application both in plant breeding to stress tolerance and in deciphering the T P S gene function and mechanism to stress tolerance.     

Satellite detection of IR precursors using bi-angular advanced along-track scanning radiometer data:a case study of Yushu earthquake

The paper has developed and proposed a synthesis analysis method based on the robust satellite data analysis technique(RST) to detect seismic anomalies within the bi-angular advanced along-track scanning radiometer(AATSR) gridded brightness temperature(BT)data based on spatial/temporal continuity analysis. The proposed methods have been applied to analyze the Yushu(Qinghai, China) earthquake occurred on 14 th April 2010,and a full AATSR data-set of 8 years data from March2003 to May 2010 with longitude from 91°E to 101°E and latitude from 28°N to 38°N has been analyzed. Combining with the tectonic explanation of spatial and temporal continuity of the abnormal phenomena, the analyzed results indicate that the infrared radiation anomalies detected by the AATSR BT data with nadir view appear and enhance gradually along with the development and occurring of the earthquake, especially along the Ganzi-Yushu fault, Nu River fault and Jiali-Chayu fault; more infrared anomalies along the earthquake fault zone(Lancangjiang fault and Ning Karma Monastery-Deqin fault) are detected using the proposed synthesis analysis method, which can also characterize the activity of seismic faults more precisely.     

Impact of fractal characteristics on evaporation and infiltration in unsaturated heterogeneous soils

ABSTRACT

In this study, an approach is developed to investigate the impact of fractal characteristics of unsaturated soil between the water table and land surface on the steady-state evaporation and infiltration across a heterogeneous landscape. The soil domain is conceptualized as a collection of stream tubes of soils and the particle diameters in various stream tubes follow a fractal distribution. The saturated hydraulic conductivity of each stream tube is related to the representative particle diameter in the tube. The effective specific discharge is then integrated from the specific discharge for each stream tube and the fractal distribution. The effective evaporation and infiltration in unsaturated soils increase with the fractal dimension. The ratio of minimum over maximum diameters does not significantly affect the specific discharge in the fractal soil. The specific discharge in unsaturated fractal soils calculated by using the simple average particle diameter mostly over-predicts the actual effective specific discharge.     

内蒙古岱海湖泊沉积记录的小冰期气候环境

通过对岱海深水区沉积柱样有机碳同位素,总有机碳、碳酸盐含量、频率磁化率等环境代用指标的分析,结合剖面的岩性特征和＾２１０Ｐｂ定年,初步探讨了岱海小冰期以来气候环境演化过程,结果表明：在小冰期初期７４０－５４０ａＢＰ,以冷湿气候为主;在５４０－４８０ａＢＰ为寒冷干旱气候,可能为小冰期盛期;４８０－３７０ａＢＰ,气候转温和,以凉偏湿气候为主;３７０－２２０ａＢＰ,凉偏干气候为主;２２０－１３０ａＢＰ,     

Genetic analysis of selected Sargassum fusiforme (Harvey) Setchell (Sargassaceae,Phaeophyta) strains with RAPD and ISSR markers

Since the 1980s, Sargassum fusiforme has been cultivated in Zhejiang, South China, and nowadays it becomes one of the important commercial seaweeds in China. With traditions of eating habits in the East Asian countries, this brown alga is used as food, because it contained functional oligo/polysaccharides and chemical components, and was regarded playing roles in antioxidant activities and regulating immunology. Through over 15 years' selection, breeding and cultivation, we obtained three strains with good traits and testified their characters during the production, which included the cultivars with high yield and other two good characters, either all the selected strains were applied in the Sargassum production. To avoid confusion during the selection and nursery, it was preferred to establish one fingerprint for distinguishing the Sargassum cultivars from different strains. Random amplified polymorphic DNA(RAPD) and inter-simple sequence repeat(ISSR) methods were adopted to analyze the genetic diversities of the selected S. fusiforme strains. With that, one fingerprint with RAPD markers was constructed, and one sequence characterized amplified region(SCAR) marker to S.fusiforme was obtained. It is indicated that the applied fingerprint could be valid in S. fusiforme genetic and germplasm justification, and will be positive to molecular marker assistance in its selection and cultivation.