综合单点和点簇的建筑物点云分类方法

在单点分类方面主要对分类特征进行了比较全面的分析和综合,而在点簇分类方面则依据建筑物的实际形态提出了一种高效的基于决策树的分类法则。综合性方法是上述两种方法的配合使用,首先利用单点分类提高精度,再利用点簇分类提高可用性。实验结果表明,综合方法不仅有着非常高的精度,并且其结果方便后期利用。     

Quality assessment of GNSS observations from an Android N smartphone and positioning performance analysis using time-differenced filtering approach

GPS Solutions - Tropical cyclones are a serious natural disaster concern in Australia due to El Niño and La Niña phenomena. However, little attention has been paid to the ionospheric...     

Generating GPS satellite fractional cycle bias for ambiguity-fixed precise point positioning

With the development of precise point positioning (PPP), the School of Geodesy and Geomatics (SGG) at Wuhan University is now routinely producing GPS satellite fractional cycle bias (FCB) products with open access for worldwide PPP users to conduct ambiguity-fixed PPP solution. We provide a brief theoretical background of PPP and present the strategies and models to compute the FCB products. The practical realization of the two-step (wide-lane and narrow-lane) FCB estimation scheme is described in detail. With GPS measurements taken in various situations, i.e., static, dynamic, and on low earth orbit (LEO) satellites, the quality of FCB estimation and the effectiveness of PPP ambiguity resolution (AR) are evaluated. The comparison with CNES FCBs indicated that our FCBs had a good consistency with the CNES ones. For wide-lane FCB, almost all the differences of the two products were within ±0.05 cycles. For narrow-lane FCB, 87.8 % of the differences were located between ±0.05 cycles, and 97.4 % of them were located between ±0.075 cycles. The experimental results showed that, compared with conventional ambiguity-float PPP, the averaged position RMS of static PPP can be improved from (3.6, 1.4, 3.6) to (2.0, 1.0, 2.7) centimeters for ambiguity-fixed PPP. The average accuracy improvement in the east, north, and up components reached 44.4, 28.6, and 25.0 %, respectively. A kinematic, ambiguity-fixed PPP test with observation of 80 min achieved a position accuracy of better than 5 cm at the one-sigma level in all three coordinate components. Compared with the results of ambiguity-float, kinematic PPP, the positioning biases of ambiguity-fixed PPP were improved by about 78.2, 20.8, and 65.1 % in east, north, and up. The RMS of LEO PPP test was improved by about 23.0, 37.0, and 43.0 % for GRACE-A and GRACE-B in radial, tangential, and normal directions when AR was applied to the same data set. These results demonstrated that the SGG FCB products can be produced with high quality for users anywhere around the world to carry out ambiguity-fixed PPP solutions.     

临沂市地质灾害预警预报与指挥系统的设计与实现

本文结合国内外有关地质灾害预警预报的相关理论研究,论述了临沂市地质灾害预警预报与指挥系统的总体框架和功能设计,介绍了本系统的预警预报、应急指挥、态势标绘等功能。系统旨在逐步提高临沂市的地质灾害预警预报技术水平,为各级政府制定国民发展计划和城镇规划提供重要的科学依据,为减灾防灾提供技术支撑。     

宽巷载波相位模糊度小数偏差时变特性分析

对使用序贯最小二乘估计非差宽巷FCB的方法进行论述,指出其不足在于事先假定了单天内的(接收机端和卫星端)宽巷FCB稳定不变,而对其时变性质缺少讨论与分析。处理了全球350个IGS测站共10d的GPS观测数据,从站星非差FCB、站间单差FCB序列两方面对接收机端宽巷FCB的时变特性进行详细的分析和讨论。数据处理结果表明:①在没有周跳的连续弧段内非差宽巷FCB的历元平滑结果具有较好的稳定性,使用不少于90个历元(45min)的数据即可收敛到0.1周以内保持精度稳定,因此,建议计算非差宽巷FCB的最短弧段不应少于45min;②接收机端宽巷FCB在每一天内随时间变化速率不一样,一天内最大变化量可以达到0.3周,并且接收机重启会使其重新赋值,破坏FCB值的连续性。关于接收机端宽巷FCB时变特性的分析表明文献[4—5]等的序贯最小二乘法所依据的假设前提并不可靠。为获得更高精度的非差卫星宽巷FCB估值,对于接收机重新启动的观测数据,需要新增一个接收机FCB参数;而对于接收机FCB的时变特性,可以在估计时将其作为随机游走过程进行估计。     

固定模糊度的精密单点定位几何定轨方法及结果分析

传统的基于PPP(precise point positioning)模式的定轨方法采用浮点解,导致其定轨精度及可靠性较双差固定解稍差。为了进一步提高PPP模式事后定轨的精度和可靠性,利用2012年1月2～7日全球IGS跟踪站数据计算出当天所有卫星的宽巷和窄巷FCB产品,实现了GRACE卫星固定PPP整数模糊度的精密定轨。并将定轨结果分别与GFZ事后精密轨道、K波段测距结果进行比较,分析其内外符合精度。实验结果表明:与GFZ提供的事后精密轨道相比,GRACE-A卫星单天轨道固定解的精度为R方向2～3cm,T方向大部分优于2cm,N方向优于2cm,较之浮点解的定轨结果3个方向分别改善了约19%、30%、50%;GRACE-B卫星3个方向精度分别为2～3cm、2cm左右、1～2cm,较之浮点解各方向也有同等程度的改善。与K波段测距结果相比,浮点解的KBR残差STD均值为22.6mm,固定解为16.4mm,比浮点解提高了约28%。可见,PPP模糊度固定解明显改善了低轨卫星的定轨精度,能提供更可靠的轨道服务。     

西藏多龙矿集区拿若铜（金）矿床成矿元素空间分布规律及地球化学勘查模型

拿若铜(金)矿床是多龙矿集区内继多不杂斑岩铜(金)矿、波龙斑岩铜(金)矿之后又一取得重大找矿突破的大型斑岩型矿床。作者以矿区探矿工程分析数据为基础,研究各成矿元素空间分布规律。成矿元素在垂向上的分带特征不明显,在平面上分带特征较显著,表现为自矿区中心ZK0001,向南西方向具有Cu+Au-Cu(Au、Ag)→Cu(Ag、Au)-Cu(Ag)的分带特征。同时,矿区土壤地球化学测量显示,从0线开始至31线(北东→南西)具有Mo、Cu→Mo(Cu、Au)→Cu、Au(Ag、Mo、Pb)→Pb→Pb、Zn分带特征,显示物质来源和热源位于0线附近,成矿流体是以0线、7线一带向四周运移,并具有从北东向南西方向运移的特点。通过矿床地质特征、元素分带特征研究,建立了矿区地球化学勘查模型。     

太行山东麓构造岩浆带在豫北安林地区的活动特点及控矿特征

安林地区的构造活动,对剖析太行山东麓构造岩浆带成生、演化具有一定的代表性。本区自燕山运动开始就受到了变质核杂岩和伸展拆离构造控制,区内主要构造有NNE向和NW向两组,其中NNE向构造在区内等间距形成了五条规模大的深断裂,均具高角度正断层性质。NW向构造形成了天喜镇-磊口北西向构造岩浆岩带,包括了塔山穹窿式背斜和白玉村-宝山墙状岩体,两组构造均对燕山晚期中-碱性岩浆上侵和安林式矽卡岩型铁矿的形成具重要控制作用。     

Landsliding triggered by reservoir operation: a general conceptual model with a case study at Three Gorges Reservoir

The Three Gorge Reservoir, one of the largest civil engineering projects in human history, dams the Yangtze River to form a 660-km-long and 1.13-km-wide reservoir. Today, although the project has been completed and is in normal operation, the on-going landslide initiation and movement in response to the reservoir operating is one of the main geologic hazards. The Huangtupo (meaning “yellow soil slope” in Chinese) Slope typifies such on-going landslides along the reservoir. Observations from a multi-year monitoring program conducted on this slope indicate that there are multiple slides on the reservoir banks that move episodically into the reservoir and their movements appear to be highly correlated with the initial and seasonal changes in the reservoir pool level. A hydro-mechanical numerical model is constructed to investigate the quantitative links among the episodic movements and the variations in pore water pressure, suction stress, hydrostatic reservoir water loading, and slope self-weight induced by the fluctuating water levels. Modeling results identify regions within the variably saturated slope where significant changes in stress occur during the periods of the initial impoundment that raised water levels from 68 to 135 m and that occur in response to seasonal fluctuations of the reservoir pool level between 145 and 175 m. We find that the rise or decline of reservoir pool level can either increase or decrease the stability of landslide. In general, hydrostatic reservoir water loading has positive correlation with the stability; pore water pressure and suction stress have negative correlation with the stability; and the effects of slope self-weight depend on the dip angle and mechanical properties of sliding surface.     

广西德保县荣华锰矿床地质特征研究

荣华锰矿赋存于桂西三叠系百逢组中,为该层位首次发现的中型规模锰矿。笔者通过参与矿区锰矿勘查工作,采用室内外观测、测试、工程揭露和验证等手段,对研究区地层、构造、沉积演化、含矿层位、矿体及矿石矿物特征、矿床成因和找矿标志等方面进行了分析探讨。研究发现荣华锰矿为典型的沉积-锰帽型矿床,严格受地层和构造因素控制;矿石类型主要为氧化锰矿贫锰矿石;氧化锰矿物主要为水羟锰矿、硬锰矿及软锰矿;矿床成因与原始沉积作用、后期风化淋滤等有重要关系;百逢组浊积岩之下、罗楼组碳酸盐岩之上的狭窄范围是荣华锰矿的典型找矿标志,该标志对大量出露三叠系百逢组的桂西地区具有普遍意义,同时指出桂西地区该组地层内具有良好的找矿前景。