Landslides triggered by slipping-fault-generated earthquake on a plateau: an example of the 14 April 2010, Ms 7.1, Yushu, China earthquake

On 14 April 2010 at 07:49 (Beijing time), a catastrophic earthquake with Ms 7.1 struck Yushu County, Qinghai Province, China. A total of 2,036 landslides were interpreted from aerial photographs and satellite images, verified by selected field checking. These landslides cover about a total area of 1.194 km². The characteristics and failure mechanisms of these landslides are presented in this paper. The spatial distribution of the landslides is evidently strongly controlled by the locations of the main co-seismic surface fault ruptures. The landslides commonly occurred close together. Most of the landslides are small; there were only 275 individual landslide (13.5 % of the total number) surface areas larger than 1,000 m². The landslides are of various types. They are mainly shallow, disrupted landslides, but also include rock falls, deep-seated landslides, liquefaction-induced landslides, and compound landslides. Four types of factors are identified as contributing to failure along with the strong ground shaking: natural excavation of the toes of slopes, which mean erosion of the base of the slope, surface water infiltration into slopes, co-seismic fault slipping at landslide sites, and delayed occurrence of landslides due to snow melt or rainfall infiltration at sites where slopes were weakened by the co-seismic ground shaking. To analyze the spatial distribution of the landslides, the landslide area percentage (LAP) and landslide number density (LND) were compared with peak ground acceleration (PGA), distance from co-seismic main surface fault ruptures, elevation, slope gradient, slope aspect, and lithology. The results show landslide occurrence is strongly controlled by proximity to the main surface fault ruptures, with most landslides occurring within 2.5 km of such ruptures. There is no evident correlation between landslide occurrences and PGA. Both LAP and LND have strongly positive correlations with slope gradient, and additionally, sites at elevations between 3,800 and 4,000 m are relatively susceptible to landslide occurrence; as are slopes with northeast, east, and southeast slope aspects. Q₄ al-pl, N, and T₃ kn ¹ have more concentrated landslide activity than others. This paper provides a detailed inventory map of landslides triggered by the 2010 Yushu earthquake for future seismic landslide hazard analysis and also provides a study case of characteristics, failure mechanisms, and spatial distribution of landslides triggered by slipping-fault generated earthquake on a plateau.     

沧东断裂山岭子东段地质构造分析

依据钻井、MT测深、地震剖面资料对沧东断裂山岭子东段地质构造进行了研究,认为该段沧东断裂断面形态呈“阶形”,自沧县隆起至北塘凹陷由高、中、低三个台阶组成断阶构造。中生代白垩纪末期,在南东-北西向压扭应力作用下形成褶皱及逆断层,新生代古近纪反转为正断层,断阶带内发育北东及北北西向共轭剪切断层,它们是沟通不同热储层的重要通道。     

Suspended sediment load prediction of river systems: GEP approach

This study presents gene expression programming (GEP), an extension of genetic programming, as an alternative approach to modeling the suspended sediment load relationship for the three Malaysian rivers. In this study, adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS), regression model, and GEP approaches were developed to predict suspended load in three Malaysian rivers: Muda River, Langat River, and Kurau River [ANFIS (R ²?=?0.93, root mean square error (RMSE)?=?3.19, and average error (AE)?=?1.12) and regression model (R ²?=?0.63, RMSE?=?13.96, and AE?=?12.69)]. Additionally, the explicit formulations of the developed GEP models are presented (R ²?=?0.88, RMSE?=?5.19, and AE?=?6.5). The performance of the GEP model was found to be acceptable compare to ANFIS and better than the conventional models.     

分量化探法在铀资源勘查中的应用

介绍了分量化探法勘查铀资源的理论和在我国北方砂岩型铀矿与南方热液型铀矿勘查中应用的研究成果。     

鄂东南地区铜绿山岩体的侵入期次和物源：锆石U-Pb年龄和Hf同位素证据

提要：铜绿山岩体的主要岩石类型为石英正长闪长玢岩,其次是闪长岩、石英闪长岩和闪长玢岩。利用LA-ICPMS和LA-MC-ICPMS对岩石中的锆石进行微区原位U-Pb年龄和Lu-Hf同位素测定,结果表明,该岩体至少有三次以上的侵入活动,分别为150 Ma、145 Ma和140 Ma,从西到东、由深到浅侧向迁移侵位,分别形成鸡冠嘴矿区深部的石英闪长岩和Ⅶ号铜金矿体,鸡冠嘴矿区较浅部的闪长岩和Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ号等铜金矿体,铜绿山矿区及其周边的石英正长闪长玢岩和铜绿山、鲤泥湖、桃花嘴等铁铜矿床。岩浆锆石和继承锆石的U-Pb年龄和Hf同位素等信息显示,岩体的源区物质为混含有少量亏损地幔成分的古元古代（约1730 Ma）下地壳物质,并有中元古代晚期（1100~1200 Ma）和新元古代（800 Ma）地壳物质的加入。不同类型岩石的物源组成有明显差别,并形成不同的矿床。石英闪长岩和闪长岩形成铜金矿床,可能与其岩浆源区物质含有地幔成分有关。在继承锆石中获得新太古代、中太古代、古元古代、中元古代晚期和新元古代五组年龄数据,与宜昌崆岭群TTG片麻岩,京山、宁乡、镇远煌斑岩筒,宜昌莲沱砂岩、石门渫水河组（莲沱组）凝灰岩中的锆石年龄可以对比,表明鄂东南地区与扬子陆块其他地区的地壳演化历史基本一致,深部同样存在古元古代和太古宙基底。     

云南卓玛铅锌矿床地球化学特征及矿床成因

提要：云南卓玛铅锌矿位于义敦岛弧南端的中甸弧,矿体产于印支期石英二长斑岩中,受断裂破碎带控制。通过对非矿斑岩、碎裂斑岩矿石、脉状矿石的稀土元素及矿石方铅矿硫、铅同位素的研究,表明非矿斑岩与矿石的稀土元素地球化学特征相似,矿石与斑岩同源。方铅矿的δ³⁴S变化范围为-0.01‰~-2.90‰,为幔源岩浆硫,铅同位素²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb为18.0959~18.1119,²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb为15.6118~15.6191,²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb为38.2515~38.2918,矿石铅主要来自造山环境,源区属于以幔源铅为主的壳幔混合源。矿区铅锌矿化富集与印支晚期卓玛复式斑岩体密切相关,矿床属受断裂破碎带控制的岩浆热液充填-交代型矿床。     

绳索取心液动潜孔锤钻进技术在利比里亚邦山铁矿详查中的应用与探索

绳索取心液动锤技术集绳索取心技术与液动潜孔锤技术优势于一体,可比普通绳索取心钻进提高纯钻速30%～150%,在坚硬、脆性、“打滑”地层中钻进效果更为明显。介绍了绳索取心液动潜孔锤钻进技术在利比里亚邦州邦山铁矿详查中的应用情况,并对其应用效果进行了分析讨论。     

内蒙古五岔沟地区洮儿河流域重矿物特征分析

五岔沟洮儿河流域重矿物的分布在不同区域表现有明显差异性: 洮儿河主流和二道桥所在支流主要重矿物为橄榄石,查干郭勒河主要重矿物为褐铁矿,额木斯台沟主要以磁铁矿为主,胡斯台沟主要以绿帘石为主。不同矿物组合和分布特征反映出该流域重矿物成熟度低,受近源物质影响显著。根据河流矿物组合,主要划分为3 个矿物区,即洮儿河主流矿物区、洮儿河东部矿物区、洮儿河西部矿物区,其中洮儿河东部矿物区金属矿物含量异常,对于寻找有用矿产提供了一定的科学依据。     

南海热带对流季节内振荡对江淮流域旱涝影响的初步分析

使用TBB17年逐月、候平均资料和欧亚500hPa候平均高度距平场,计算了南海地区逐月TBB的标准差,分析其时空分布特征。采用带通滤波方法,分析了江淮流域旱(1985年)、涝(1991、1998年)年南海地区TBB季节内振荡及其经向传播特征。结果表明,江淮流域涝年,南海地区TBB30～60d和10～20d振荡十分活跃,向北传播非常明显。当TBB强对流位相传播到30°N附近的副热带地区时,激发其对流扰动加强,造成江淮流域集中暴雨。而旱年则相反。南海和30°N地区对流活动的强弱差异与500hPa候平均高度距平场的遥相关揭示出江淮流域旱涝年波列结构有很大的不同。     

电气石原料化学成分、制备方法对电气石陶瓷性能的影响

电气石具有自发电极属性,对改变水团的缔合度具有一定作用。笔者研究了朝鲜多个地区电气石的成分、结构和理化性能,并以其为主要原料制备了不同类型的电气石陶瓷,同时研发了一种间接测量水团缔合度的方法,该方法是利用水溶液的电容和介电损耗值来间接评价水团缔合度,可以反映水团缔合度的相对大小。研究表明,以高钙电气石为原料、适当添加活性剂并经700℃烧结工艺制备的电气石陶瓷,对降低水团缔合度具有明显效果。