岩溶地下河在SWAT中的概化方法——以毕节倒天河流域为例

岩溶地下河的存在严重影响了土壤和水评估工具(SWAT)在岩溶地区的普遍适用性.针对岩溶地下河在SWAT中的概化问题,提出基于数字高程模型(DEM)预处理结合SWAT流域自动识别功能的方法,将岩溶地下河暴露于地表,把岩溶区复杂的地表-地下二元结构简化为地表一元结构,并以贵州毕节地下河发育的倒天河流域为例进行应用.结果表明:① 对比未经概化地下河建立的模型,概化地下河建立的模型识别流域面积增大30.73%,子流域个数增加29.27%,水文响应单元(HRU)个数增加43.82%;② 参数取最大物理意义范围时,未经概化地下河建立的模型p因子=0.64,不满足建模条件,物理模型本身存在问题;③ 概化地下河建立的模型月步长模拟结果:校准期R2=0.96,NS=0.96,验证期R2=0.94,NS=0.93,月尺度模拟效果非常好.岩溶地下河概化方法使SWAT在流域划分方面更加合理,搭建的模型模拟更加合理.该研究拓展了SWAT模型在岩溶区的应用.     

中国北方主要中新生代盆地构造沉积气候演化及其成煤、铀意义

中国北方中新生代盆地往往叠加发育煤炭和可地浸砂岩型铀矿。大致以鄂尔多斯-银额盆地为界,中国北方东、西部主要含煤、铀盆地在构造演化、充填历史和成矿年龄等方面均存在明显差异,但不同盆地煤、铀空间配置却表现出相似的"下黑-中灰-上杂"三段式展布规律。为进一步探讨盆地构造、沉积、气候演化规律及其对成煤、铀的制约,在对比分析东、西部盆地动力学机制和典型煤、铀成矿特征的基础上,以盆地成煤、成铀期及期后的构造演化史为主线,总结东、西部盆地中生代古气候演变特征和沉积演化规律,指出中国北方中生代盆地构造、沉积、气候演化的差异是东、西部成煤、成铀差异的主因,但所有含煤、铀盆地均经历了"暖湿气候快速沉降期大可容纳空间湖沼相有机质富集期、温暖-半干旱气候缓慢沉降期小可容纳空间辫状河-辫状河三角洲相有利砂体发育期、干旱-半干旱气候多期次隆升剥蚀成铀期"三段式构造-沉积演化成矿过程。对中国北方中新生代盆地的含铀性评价、铀成矿远景预测具有较好的判别意义。     

青海沱沱河地区开心岭一带中二叠世—早三叠世基性岩浆事件及其地质意义

青海省沱沱河地区开心岭一带中二叠世—早三叠世构造背景是影响该区成矿规律和找矿方向分析的重要因素。对开心岭一带中二叠世诺日巴尕日保组玄武岩地球化学及侵入其中的辉长岩进行年代学研究,以期对该区中二叠世—早三叠世成矿构造背景提供一定的约束。采用LA-ICP-MS技术测得的辉长岩中锆石206Pb/238U年龄加权平均值为247.0±1.7Ma,属于早三叠世,该期岩浆事件可能是龙木错—双湖缝合带和可可西里—金沙江缝合带在此阶段发生俯冲的产物。地球化学特征表明,中二叠世玄武岩具有高镁、富铁、贫碱的特征,属于拉斑系列玄武岩;富集LREE和部分HFSE,REE表现为轻、重稀土元素分馏明显的右倾型配分型式。具有相对高的Zr含量(平均含量大于70×10-6)和Zr/Y值(5.2~7.0),Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf和Ti相对亏损,Nb/La值(0.1~0.3)较低,总体具有大陆玄武岩的特征,但受到不同程度陆壳或岩石圈地幔的混染。综合多种判别图解分析认为,该套玄武岩形成于大陆裂谷环境。     

汉中市汉台区地质灾害防治对策研究

汉台区地处秦巴山区,地质条件复杂,地形地貌差异明显,地质灾害分布极不均匀。2008年“5.12”汶川大地震和2010年陕南山洪后地质灾害频发,一定程度上制约着当地社会经济的发展。基于对汉台区地质灾害的详查,分析汉台区地质环境条件,讨论该区地质灾害的发育特征、分布规律和形成条件。提出汉台区地质灾害防治对策主要为避让措施、工程治理措施和树立警示牌。     

滇西哀牢山构造带长安铜钼金矿集区碱性斑岩岩石地球化学、锆石U-Pb定年及其对成矿作用的约束

长安矿集区内的碱性斑岩体(脉)是哀牢山-金沙江碱性岩浆岩带的重要组成部分。锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年结果表明长安花岗斑岩脉、铜厂正长斑岩和长安冲正长斑岩的形成时代分别为37.1±0.5Ma、35.8±0.4Ma和21.7±0.3Ma。岩石地球化学分析结果表明矿集区内新生代岩浆岩为准铝质-弱过铝质的碱性岩类,其高钾富碱富钙,以及轻稀土富集、Eu弱负异常、大离子亲石元素(Rb、Ba、Th、U和K)强烈富集、高场强元素(Nb、Ta、P和Ti)亏损的地球化学特征与哀牢山-金沙江南段碱性带内的碱性岩浆岩一致,是源于含金云母的相对较浅的尖晶石相地幔的部分熔融形成钾质碱性岩浆,在上升过程中或在岩浆房内发生分异作用,演化出系列碱性岩浆,在较短时间内相继就位形成的,并为矿集区内多金属矿床的形成提供成矿流体和物质。     

不同框架锚杆布置方式对加固边坡效果影响分析研究

俯斜式锚杆,因其设计相对简单,施工方便,国内外在进行边坡防护时,得到大规模应用,但从其受力特性来看,此种布置方式不能充分发挥锚杆抗拉强度大的这一特点。基于此,本文通过数值模拟的方法对比分析研究了仰斜式、平行式、俯斜式三种不同锚杆布置形式在防治边坡时的加固效果并得到如下结论:在相同的框架梁结构的情况下,就单从监测点的位移变化来看,仰斜式的布置方式要优于平行式布置方式和俯斜式布置方式,俯斜式布置方式为最不利布置方式。当采用仰斜式锚杆进行边坡加固时,锚杆轴力偏大,在锚杆抗拉能力允许的情况下,仰斜式锚杆可充分发挥锚杆的优点,但在实际工程中需适当增加锚杆锚固段长度。采用仰斜式布置形式时,坡面无明显滑动,框架梁基本处于低受力状态,边坡加固效果要明显优于平行式布置方式和俯斜式布置方式。     

河北涞源木吉村铜矿ZK6801孔深孔绳索取心钻进体会

结合河北涞源木吉村铜矿ZK6801孔深孔绳索取心钻进实践,总结了金刚石绳索取心钻探工艺在地层复杂的深孔钻探施工的几点经验和体会,着重论述了泥浆护壁堵漏、水泥浆护壁以及套管护壁的应用原则。     

Systematics, Behavior and Living Environment of Shantungosaurus Giganteus (Dinosauria: Hadrosauridae)

On the basis of the taphonomy, osteological anatomy and ontogenetic variation, Zhuchengosaurus maximus Zhao et al., 2007 is considered to be synonymic with Shantungosaurus giganteus Hu, 1973 herein. This paper also deals with the life behavior of S. giganteus and the environment in which S. giganteus lived. S. giganteus is considered to be a terrestrial and gregarious herbivorous dinosaur and lived in hills and intervales in warm weather with plentiful rain and flourishing vegetation.     

Conodont Biostratigraphy and Age Determination of the Lower–Middle Triassic Boundary in South Guizhou Province, China

The demarcation of the Lower–Middle Triassic boundary is a disputed problem in global stratigraphic research. Lower–Middle Triassic strata of different types, from platform to basin facies, are well developed in Southwest China. This is favorable for the study of the Olenekian–Anisian boundary and establishing a stratotype for the Qingyan Stage. Based on research at the Ganheqiao section in Wangmo county and the Qingyan section in Guiyang city, Guizhou province, six conodont zones have been recognized, which can be correlated with those in other regions, in ascending order as follows: 1, Neospathodus cristagalli Interval-Zone; 2, Neospathodus pakistanensis Interval-Zone; 3, Neospathodus waageni Interval-Zone; 4, Neospathodus homeri-N. triangularis Assemblage-Zone; 5, Chiosella timorensis Interval-Zone; and 6, Neogongdolella regalis Range-Zone. An evolutionary series of the Early–Middle Triassic conodont genera Neospathodus-Chiosella-Neogongdolella discovered in the Ganheqiao and Qingyan sections has an intermediate type named Neospathodus qingyanensis that appears between Neospathodus homeri and Chiosella timorensis in the upper part of the Neospathodus homeri-N. triangularis Zone, showing an excellent evolutionary relationship of conodonts near the Lower–Middle Triassic boundary. The Lower–Middle Triassic boundary is located at 1.5 m below the top of the Ziyun Formation, where Chiosella timorensis Zone first appears in the Qingyan section, whereas this boundary is located 0.5 m below the top of the Ziyun Formation, where Chiosella timorensis Zone first appears in the Ganheqiao section. There exists one nearly 6-m thick vitric tuff bed at the bottom of the Xinyuan Formation in the Ganheqiao section, which is usually regarded as a lithologic symbol of the Lower–Middle Triassic boundary in South China. Based on the analysis of high-precision and high-sensitivity Secondary Ion Mass Spectrum data, the zircon age of this tuff has a weighted mean 206Pb/238U age of 239.0±2.9Ma (2s), which is a directly measured zircon U-Pb age of the Lower–Middle Triassic boundary. The Ganheqiao section in Wangmo county can therefore provide an excellent section through the Lower–Middle Triassic because it is continuous, the evolution of the conodonts is distinctive and the regionally stable distributed vitric tuff near the Lower–Middle Triassic boundary can be regarded as a regional key isochronal layer. This section can be regarded not only as a standard section for the establishment of the Qingyan Stage in China, but also as a reference section for the GSSP of the Lower–Middle Triassic boundary.     

柴达木盆地东部地区不整合类型和分布规律

柴达木盆地东部经历了多期次构造运动,形成了多个不整合.在测井曲线分析的基础上,以不整合的成因机制及地震反射特征为基础,将柴达木盆地东部地区不整合划分为褶皱、断褶、削截、超覆和平行5种类型.风化剥蚀程度的不均一性使不整合具有典型的层状结构,将不整合面上、下划分为底砾岩、风化黏土层和半风化淋滤带.构造运动、地势的高低与剥蚀量的大小决定了不整合类型在平面上的分布具有区带性,不同类型的不整合具有不同的控油机制,而不同的不整合剖面类型形成不同的油气成藏模式,其中断褶不整合和褶皱不整合是最有利的控油不整合.