A review of advances in China’s flash flood early-warning system

This paper summarizes the main flash flood early-warning systems of America, Europe, Japan, and Taiwan China and discusses their advantages and disadvantages. The latest development in flash flood prevention is also presented. China’s flash flood prevention system involves three stages. Herein, the warning methods and achievements in the first two stages are introduced in detail. Based on the worldwide experience of flash flood early-warning systems, the general research idea of the third stage is proposed from the viewpoint of requirements for flash flood prevention and construction progress of the next stage in China. Real-time dynamic warning systems can be applied to the early-warning platform at four levels (central level, provincial level, municipal level, and county level) . Through this, soil moisture, peak flow, and water level can be calculated in real-time using distributed hydrological models, and then flash flood warning indexes can be computed based on defined thresholds of runoff and water level. A compound warning index (CWI) can be applied to regions where rainfall and water level are measured by simple equipment. In this manner, flash-flood-related factors such as rainfall intensity and antecedent and cumulative rainfall depths can be determined using the CWI method. The proposed methodology for the third stage could support flash flood prevention measures in the 13th 5-Year Plan for Economic and Social Development of the People’s Republic of China (2016–2020). The research achievements will serve as a guidance for flash flood monitoring and warning as well as flood warning in medium and small rivers.     

大庆-哈尔滨地段地热资源研究

作者应用地下水系统理论,从古水文地质条件及现代地下水动力场特征入手,通过水文地球化学和环境同位素地球化学研究,探讨了松辽盆地中段的地热及其赋存特征,认为盆地的大部分地区温梯度都较高,具有形成深部地热的条件,但只在上部具有较厚的含水层及断裂发育凹陷带中的局部地区,才能赋存可开采的地下热水资源。     

小麦生育关键期对降水的需求

利用驻马店市1981-2007年的气象观测资料、冬小麦生长季内墒情观测资料和作物观测资料,分析了驻马店市冬小麦在不同生育期和不同土壤湿度条件下所需降水量,结果表明:播种期内,土壤重量含水率＞16%(＜6%)时,10月降水量＞15 mm(＞45 mm)即可保证小麦顺利播种和一播全苗;10月土壤重量含水率＞17%(＜10%)时,11月降水量＞10 mm(＞45 mm),可满足越冬需要;正常年份不必浇灌返青水,2月上旬降水量＜5 mm,需浇返青水;拔节-孕穗期,土壤重量含水率13%-15%(＜13%)时,3月下旬至4月上旬降水量＞45 mm(＞70 mm),可保证小麦孕穗需要;开花灌浆期,土壤重量含水率以15%-20%为宜,降水不宜＞25 mm.     

Biogenic silicate accumulation in sediments, Jiaozhou Bay

1 INTRODUCTION Silicate, or silicic acid (H4SiO4), is a very im- portant nutrient in the ocean. Unlike other major nu- trients such as phosphate and nitrate or ammonium, which are needed by almost all marine plankton, silicate is an essential chemical req…     

CARBON DYNAMICS OF WETLAND IN THE SANJIANG PLAIN

1INTRODUCTIONWetlandsplayanimportant roleintheprocessofcar-bonstorage.Thetotalcarbonstoredindifferentkindsofwetlandsisabout15%-35%ofthetotalcarboninthegloballandsoils(POSTetal.,1982;GORHAM,1991).Inaddition,wetlandsaresignificantnaturalsources fortheatmospheric CH4 (MOORE,1994).It isestimatedthatabout110×1012gCH4 originates fromanaerobicdecompositioninthenaturalwetlands,CH4 emission fromthenaturalwetlandsis15%-30%oftheglobalCH4 emission andtheCH4 emission from thepeat land at hi…     

地震灾场的模拟与模拟控制问题研究（Ⅰ）地震灾场模拟

本文将离散事件系统仿真的方法引入到地震工程研究之中．在论述地震灾场模拟与离散事件系统仿真的共性与差异的基础上，以城市地震次生火灾的发生与扑救过程为背景，发展了场、时域复合仿真模型，提出了城市地震灾场的综合模拟算法．实例研究表明，本文建议的地震灾场模拟算法可以揭示复合型工程系统地震反应的一系列特征参数。     

长江口海域地质灾害研究

根据地矿部上海海洋地质调查局1973年以来,在东海及长江口海域进行的大量地球物理调查、海洋地质及石油地质调查的基础上,收集了解其他单位所做成果,对长江口海域的地质灾害开展专项研究,结合海域环境地质、工程地质条件,进行综合分析,以了解和查明海域存在的地质灾害类型、规模、分布、特征等,为海域地质灾害的防御和减灾提出对策,为长江口海域、上海浦东及东海油气田的开发建设提供决策依据。     

青藏高原北部成矿带划分

青藏高原北部地质构造复杂,成矿条件优越,金属矿产资源成群成带分布特征明显,研究程度相对较低。通过对1999年以来,在青藏高原北部空白区相继完成的1∶25万区域地质调查、1∶5万区域地质调查和一批1∶50万、1∶20万区域化探成果资料的综合研究,根据青藏高原北部金属矿产资源的时、空分布特征,结合区域物、化探资料和区域成矿地质背景,将青藏高原北部地区初步划分为3个级成矿带(域),5个级成矿带,9个级成矿带,对以后青藏高原北部地区地质矿产勘查评价工作具有十分重要的意义。