南海北部及珠江水体中Be同位素分布

在南海北部及珠江口水体中取样进行Be同位素分析,结果表明:从海向珠江水体中~(10)Be和~9Be浓度分别从1250at./g,和40PM增加到22060at./g及1120PM,其悬浮质中~(10)Be从小于0.3×10~7at./g到19.0±0.8×10~7at./g。~9Be在水中的垂直分布从底部向表层逐渐增加,悬浮质中~(10)Be则从底部到表层逐渐减小。本区域悬浮质中的~9Be,~(10)Be和Si不论在水平和垂直分布其特征都类似。     

Long-term groundwater storage changes and land subsidence development in the North China Plain (1971–2015)

The North China Plain (NCP) has been suffering from groundwater storage (GWS) depletion and land subsidence for a long period. This paper collects data on GWS changes and land subsidence from in situ groundwater-level measurements, literature, and satellite observations to provide an overview of the evolution of the aquifer system during 1971–2015 with a focus on the sub-regional variations. It is found that the GWS showed a prolonged declining rate of ?17.8?±?0.1 mm/yr during 1971–2015, with a negative correlation to groundwater abstraction before year ~2000 and a positive correlation after ~2000. Statistical correlations between subsidence rate and the GWS anomaly (GWSA), groundwater abstraction, and annual precipitation show that the land subsidence in three sub-regions (Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei) represents different temporal variations due to varying driver factors. Continuous drought caused intensive GWS depletion (?76.1?±?6.5 mm/yr) and land subsidence in Beijing during 1999–2012. Negative correlations between total groundwater abstraction and land subsidence exhibited after the 1980s indicate that it may be questionable to infer subsidence from regional abstraction data. Instead, the GWSA generally provides a reliable correlation with subsidence. This study highlights the spatio-temporal variabilities of GWS depletion and land subsidence in the NCP under natural and anthropogenic impacts, and the importance of GWS changes for understanding land subsidence development.     

DEM对PS-InSAR地面沉降监测的影响

针对PS-InSAR监测地面沉降受DEM精度影响的问题,该文通过应用SRTM-3DEM、ASTER GDEM和Pleiades立体像对来获取DEM,分析对比3种DEM的高程精度及其参与PS-InSAR流程的沉降监测精度。结果表明,Pleiades DEM在建筑密集区和高架桥区的监测精度更高,SRTM-3DEM在居民地和施工地区沉降监测精度更高。该成果为不同区域PS-InSAR沉降监测的DEM选择提供了参考。     

Temporal and Spatial Evolution of Land Subsidence Induced by Groundwater Exploitation and Construction in the Eastern Chaoyang District,Beijing, China

Human activities have a large impact on land subsidence in great metropolitan areas. In this study, the RADARSAT-2 observation data over a 4-year period (from November 2010 to September 2014) is used to investigate the trends of land subsidence in the eastern Chaoyang District in Beijing, China, and to analyze the impact of human activities on it. The observation results indicate that the temporal and spatial evolutions trend of land subsidence in this area is uneven, with deformation rates ranging from ??116.52 to 7.1 mm/year. There are two large subsidence areas located in the northern part of the study area, and we find that the groundwater exploitation and deformation rates are strongly linearly correlated. The effect of construction on land subsidence has also been investigated. Over time, land subsidence is generally increased in the study area, with an exception at the Longfor Changying Galleria area, which is under construction during the observation period. Based on the time-series analysis of permanent scattered points in the 200 m buffer area, construction activities are observed to cause both land subsidence and upheaval deformation of the surrounding soil. During the construction period, the displacement of the surrounding soil is disturbed. After completion, the initial displacement of surrounding soil is tended to involve the uplift of the surrounding soil, followed by a gradual subsidence with time.     

基于SUFI-2算法和SWAT模型的妫水河流域水文模拟及参数不确定性分析

敏感性分析和不确定性分析是分布式水文模型参数校准和模型应用的基础。本文以妫水河流域为例,基于SWAT模型和SUFI-2算法进行模型参数敏感性分析,结合手动调参和自动率定,通过SUFI-2的P因子和R因子进行模型不确定性分析,构建妫水河流域分布式水文模型。本次妫水河流域月尺度模拟中:率定期,确定系数R2=0.59,效率系数NSE=0.56;验证期,确定系数R2=0.82,效率系数NSE=0.80;P因子均大于0.5,R因子均小于0.5。结果表明,妫水河流域SWAT模型水文模拟效果较好。     

桂林覆盖型岩溶区土壤溶液对碳酸盐岩的溶蚀能力探讨

在桂林覆盖型岩溶区6处包气带土层中,通过钻探定深采集土样34组,进行土工实验,测定其密度、孔隙比、饱和度、塑性指数等物理指标。以浸提法(土水质量比1∶5)提取土壤溶液,测定其p H值和HCO-3、CO2-3、Cl-、SO2-4、Ca2+、Mg2+、Na+、K+等离子含量。其中,对B1、X7两孔采集的24组土样,采用PHREEQC软件将浸提原液模拟浓缩至接近于天然土不同饱和度的含水量,根据浓缩结果分别计算方解石、白云石饱和指数,判别土壤溶液在给定各含水量条件下对碳酸盐岩的溶蚀能力。主要认识如下:1土壤p H值为4.35~7.08,多较低,大部分为酸性土和强酸性土。紧靠石灰岩面的土p H值较大。2土壤溶液中Ca2+、Mg2+等各种离子含量均很低。受人类活动影响,B1、X7两钻孔表现除浅部Ca2+、SO2-4、HCO-3含量高、深部低,其它几种离子则表现出含量较少且上、下基本一致甚至向下略有微量升高的特征。3人类活动区浅部土层中Ca2+、Mg2+、Na+、SO2-4、Cl-含量均明显高于人类活动较少区。4靠近石灰岩面的土壤溶液中Ca2+含量高。在距离下伏灰岩面几米以远的包气带土层中Ca2+等含量很少。5不同浓度土壤溶液的SIC、SID与桂林周边碎屑岩裂隙水接近,均为负值,且其绝对值较大,表明对方解石、白云石具有较强溶蚀能力;且SID均明显小于SIC;由于同离子效应,随着浓缩程度提高SIC、SID逐渐升高,但仍为较小负值。6与桂林漓江水、漓江两岸第四系孔隙水、岩溶地下水相比,不管是土样浸提原液还是按不同比例浓缩后土壤溶液的SIC、SID均明显更低,单纯从溶解作用考虑,其对方解石、白云石的溶蚀能力更强。桂林黏性土土壤溶液SIC、SID低、溶蚀作用强主要是由于桂林地区长期湿润多雨的气候条件造成较低土壤p H值和低Ca2+、Mg2+等离子含量以及土壤中高CO2分压所致。     

重庆市交通网络的可达性时空特征及其演化规律

可达性是度量区域交通网络结构通达性的有效指标。本文以1997、2001、2004、2008和2012年为时间断面,以加权平均旅行时间为指标,对重庆市陆路交通网络中节点区县可达性时空特征及演化规律进行了研究。结果表明：重庆市交通可达性总体呈现以主城区为中心向外围区域递减的“核心-边缘”模式,可达性等值线大致呈不规则环状分布;随着路网的不断完善,可达性水平由中心向外围呈圈层式优化,各区县的可达性有大幅度的提升,但不同阶段可达性提升幅度不同,第1、2阶段（1997-2004年）可达性相对第3、4阶段（2004-2012年）而言优化程度更为显著。由于可达性值变化幅度与其初始值有关,所以,边缘地区可达性值提高幅度始终大于中心地区,区县可达性差异逐渐缩小,可达性分布趋于均衡。由于空间经济分布具有明显的不均衡性,可达性与经济发展之间具有一定的互动耦合关系,交通网络的区域效应显得更为复杂。交通网络如何与城市体系合理匹配,形成良性互动的“交通-城市-经济”复合系统,是未来区域交通建设规划应该重视的内容。     

Antiaging activity of low molecular weight peptide from Paphia undulate

Low molecular weight peptide (LMWP) was prepared from clam Paphia undulate and its antiaging effect on D-galactose-induced acute aging in rats, aged Kunming mice, ultraviolet-exposed rats, and thermally injured rats was investigated. P. undulate flesh was homogenized and digested using papain under optimal conditions, then subjected to Sephadex G-25 chromatography to isolate the LMWP. Administration of LMWP significantly reversed D-galactose-induced oxidative stress by increasing the activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase (CAT), and by decreasing the level of malondialdehyde (MDA). This process was accompanied by increased collagen synthesis. The LMWP prevented photoaging and promoted dermis recovery and remission of elastic fiber hyperplasia. Furthermore, treatment with the LMWP helped to regenerate elastic fibers and the collagen network, increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the serum and significantly decreased MDA. Thermal scald-induced inflammation and edema were also relieved by the LWMP, while wound healing in skin was promoted. These results suggest that the LMWP from P. undulate could serve as a new antiaging substance in cosmetics.     

Soil degradation and food security coupled with global climate change in northeastern China

The northeastern China is an important commodity grain region in China,as well as a notable corn belt and major soybean producing area.It thus plays a significant role in the national food security system.However,large-scale land reclamation and non-optimum farming practices give rise to soil degradation in the region.This study analyzed the food security issues coupled with global climate change in the northeastern China during 1980–2000,which is the period of modern agriculture.The results of statistical data show that the arable land area shrank markedly in 1992,and then increased slowly,while food production generally continually increased.The stable grain yield was due to the increase of applied fertilizer and irrigated areas.Soil degradation in the northeastern China includes severe soil erosion,reduced soil nutrients,a thinner black soil layer,and deterioration of soil physical properties.The sustainable development of the northeastern China is influenced by natural-artificial binary disturbance factors which consist of meteorological conditions,climate changes,and terrain factors as well as soil physical and chemical properties.Interactions between the increasing temperature and decreasing precipitation in the region led to reduced accumulation of soil organic matter,which results in poor soil fertility.Human-induced factors,such as large-scale land reclamation and non-optimum farming practices,unsuitable cultivation systems,dredging,road building,illegal land occupation,and extensive use of fertilizers and pesticides,have led to increasingly severe soil erosion and destruction.Solutions to several problems of soil degradation in this region requiring urgent settlement are proposed.A need for clear and systematic recognition and recording of land use changes,land degradation,food production and climate change conditions is suggested,which would provide a reference for food security studies in the northeastern China.     

基于AO的洪水灾害风险分析模型设计与构建

中国是一个自然灾害尤其是洪涝灾害发生较频繁的国家,洪水灾害的风险分析与评估是抗洪救灾中的一个重要组成部分,洪灾风险分析的时效性、科学性对于防汛抗洪、抢险救灾具有重要的意义。本文针对流域洪水灾害的特点与其复杂的风险分析过程,考虑影响流域洪水灾害的因子,结合层次分析方法(AHP),以COM组件的架构思想为基础,采用ArcObjects语言的相关接口和方法,构建了流域洪水灾害风险分析模型,将各因子对洪水灾害的危险性和风险的影响进行了量化,分别得出洪水灾害风险性分布图和洪水灾害易损性分布情况。通过对洞庭湖试验区域的模型检验,结果表明,所构造的模型简单易操作,能够较好地对区域洪水灾害进行风险分析。