云南维西哈达沟中频泥石流特征及堵溃危险性分析

中频泥石流具有较大危险性和暴发周期较长的特点,人类活动会诱发其发生并加剧其成灾严重程度,当沟道不能满足泄流输水能力时将发生堵溃,危及两岸甚至是主河河道安全。由于目前中频泥石流危险性分析的缺乏,因此以云南省哈达沟中频泥石流为例,探讨其特征和再次发生泥石流及导致沟道堵溃的危险性,并提出防治建议。结果显示：泥石流重度1.62 t/m3,泥石流沟口流速4.794 m/s,基于暴发频率10%情况下的沟口峰值流量为54.43 m3/s以及一次冲出总量为11072.03 m3;在下游沟道处修建有涵洞,其过流量为16.5 m3/s,小于20 a一遇泥石流流量,一旦发生大型泥石流,则有堵溃危险。研究发现哈达沟中频泥石流危险度为高度危险,堵溃历史判断其再次发生沟道堵溃并有泥石流堵塞腊普河的可能性。     

陆丰南地区断拗转换界面厘定及其地质意义

珠江口盆地经历裂陷阶段向拗陷阶段的转变，同期沉积地层记录了该构造变革和沉积演化过程，为厘定断拗转换界面提供了可能。基于地震反射、沉积旋回特征，识别出陆丰南地区恩平组内部存在全区可追踪对比的构造沉积转换面——T72界面，也是区分上下恩平组界面。对陆丰13洼洼间隆钻井LFA开展上下恩平组碎屑锆石U- Pb 定年、重矿物组分、元素分析，提出恩平组T72界面上下地层物源体系发生转变。结合区域沉积充填特征，表明陆丰南地区T72界面为断- 拗转换界面。具体表现为：下恩平组沉积期湖盆继承文昌期裂陷盆地特征，湖盆水体较深，物源主要为盆地内部的中生代基底凸起，沉积层序明显受盆内低凸起控制，在盆内低凸起四周发育一系列近源的辫状河三角洲，井区主要接受来自惠陆低凸起物源;上恩平组沉积期间，湖盆进入断拗过渡期，湖盆扩大、水体变浅，盆内低凸起四周的断裂活动减弱，沉积层序逐渐向盆内低凸起超覆，盆外太古宙—古生代物源组分供给不断加强，近源的三角洲砂体逐渐向远源的浅水三角洲砂体转化，同时发育宽广的滨浅湖环境，原供给物源的惠陆低凸起为水体淹没，井区接受了北部隆起外的物源。     

河南桐柏围山城层控金银成矿带同位素地球化学

河南省桐柏山区的围山城金银成矿带包括破山特大型银矿、银洞坡大型金矿、银洞岭大型银多金属矿床及一些矿点,赋矿地层是新元古界歪头山组,矿体产状与地层产状一致,形态呈似层状、鞍状或透镜状,层控特征显著。氢-氧-碳同位素地球化学研究指示早、中阶段的成矿流体主要为变质水,晚阶段有大量大气降水加入成矿流体系统。碳-硫-铅同位素指示成矿物质来自于歪头山组地层;钾-氩同位素表明成矿作用(100~140Ma)发生在秦岭陆陆碰撞造山的高峰期之后碰撞挤压向伸展转变的背景下。综合考虑矿带的成矿流体来源、成矿物质来源以及矿床地质特征,认为围山城成矿带属典型的层控造山型金银成矿系统,形成于中生代扬子与华北板块的陆陆碰撞造山体制。     

锆石裂变径迹(ZFT)年代学:进展与应用

裂变径迹技术是解决各种与时间-温度相关的地质问题的一种低温年代学手段.与磷灰石相比,锆石裂变径迹具有较高的封闭温度和退火区间,有其特定的地质意义和应用.自20世纪90年代以来,开展了大量锆石裂变径迹退火的研究,包括退火特性、径迹测量、退火模型,以及来自露头和钻孔样品的退火研究.首先介绍了锆石裂变径迹的分析程序、测量标准...     

Metallogenesis and major challenges of porphyry copper systems above subduction zones

Porphyry copper±molybdenum±gold deposits(PCDs) are the most representative magmatic-hydrothermal metallogenic system above subduction zones with important economic value. Previous studies revealed that large PCDs are generally formed from initial arc magmas(from subduction-induced partial melting of the mantle wedge), which eventually ascend to the shallow crust(3–5 km) for mineralization after a series of complex evolution processes. These processes include(1) the dehydration or partial melting of subducting slab, which induces partial melting of the metasomatized mantle wedge;(2)the ascent of mantle-derived magma to the bottom of the lower crust, which subsequently undergoes crustal processes such as assimilation plus fractional crystallization(AFC) or melting, assimilation, storage and homogenization(MASH);(3) the magma chamber formation at the bottom of the lower, middle and upper crust;(4) the final emplacement and volatilization of porphyry stocks; and(5) the accumulation of ore-forming fluids and metal precipitation. Despite the many decades of research, many issues involving the PCD metallogenic mechanism still remain to resolve, such as(1) the tectonic control on the geochemical characteristics of ore-forming magma;(2) the reason for the different lifespans of the long-term magmatic arc evolution and geologically "instantaneous" mineralization processes;(3) the source of ore-forming materials;(4) the relative contributions of metal pre-enrichment to mineralization by the magma source and by magmatic evolution; and(5) the decoupling behaviors of Cu and Au during the pre-enrichment. These issues point out the direction for future PCD metallogenic research, and the resolution to them will deepen our understanding of the metallogenesis at convergent plate boundaries.     

Cenozoic basement structure of the South China Sea and adjacent areas by modeling and interpreting gravity data

The South China Sea and adjacent areas is a large region with diversely complicated geological conditions. In spite of investigations carried out over the past many years, the marine geological structure in many places has remained poorly understood because of the deficient data, a thick seawater layer as well as of the sensitive areas among the countries in the region. In this paper, the authors study and apply a model-based methodology of the modeling and interpretation of the newest gravity data and others, which are 3D modeling, frequency filtering, horizontal gravity gradient and maximum horizontal gravity gradient, in order to determine clearly the basement structure. The basement features such as the main faults systems, uplift-depression zones and seafloor spreading axis, oceanic boundary in the region have been defined. The achieved results are checked by the seismic data available for the region. From the studied results, the authors have brought out some initial remarks on the structure and form of the basement in the South China Sea and adjacent areas.     

Recent catastrophic debris flows in Luding county, SW China: geological hazards, rainfall analysis and dynamic characteristics

About 127 debris flow gullies have been identified, and debris flows have been an important type of geological hazards in Luding County, affecting cities, towns, rural areas, scenic spots and human’s engineering projects, such as mining and waterpower utilizing equipments. In this summary paper, recent two catastrophic debris flow events occurred on June 30, 2005, in Chuni town, in the central of the county, and on August 11, 2005, in Hailuogou scenic spot, in the southwest of the county, respectively, are reviewed. The debris flow events are introduced on the basis of field investigation and RS interpretation and the triggering factors for flow occurrence are identified. Furthermore, the rainfall related to flow occurrence including antecedent rainfall and intraday rainfall is analyzed, and a power-law function which can be used as a basic warning line is established based on both antecedent effective rainfall and intraday rainfall. Then dynamic parameters such as flow velocity and flow discharge are calculated, respectively. Through comparison and discussion, some conclusions are made including (1) The antecedent rainfall played an important role for debris flows which generated predominately based on the slope-instability due to the saturated loose sediments; (2) Despite slower flow velocity and smaller magnitude, the slope-type debris flows just like 2005-6-30 debris flows usually lead to serious damages for the difficulty to forecast and to prevent; (3) The mistaken recognition on debris flow hazards and lack of prevention consciousness strengthen the hazard and damage degree. This research is of certain significance for the prevention and mitigation of debris flow hazards and for the planning of the town building and tourism development in the future.     

2010年四川省雅江县地质灾害调查数据集

为查明四川省甘孜藏族自治州地质灾害的发育特征及成灾机理,中国地质调查局成都地质调查中心于2010年在四川省甘孜州雅江县开展了以县域为单元的1∶5万地质灾害详细调查项目。项目以遥感、地面调查、测绘、勘查为主要工作手段,查明了该区域内地质灾害及其隐患的发育特征、分布规律及形成的地质环境条件。为了更好地利用这些数据,采用了规范的数据处理方法和质量控制体系,对调查的地质灾害数据进行整理和质量控制,该调查数据集提供了2010年雅江县行政范围内的327组地质灾害数据,调查精度达到1∶5万级别,有效地反映了区内地质灾害的发育特征与分布规律,可为该区域内工程地质研究、减灾防灾和制定区域防灾规划提供基础地质灾害依据。     

东天山土屋–延东铜矿带石英钠长斑岩与辉钼矿形成年龄及其重要意义

土屋–延东铜矿带位于东天山大南湖–头苏泉岛弧带上,是目前新疆最大的铜矿带。铜矿体主要赋存于石炭纪斜长花岗斑岩和晚古生代企鹅山群中,但是前人研究表明斜长花岗斑岩的成岩年龄(339~332 Ma),明显老于成矿年龄(约322Ma),因此,土屋–延东铜矿带的致矿岩体至今还存有争议。本次研究首次对该铜矿带晚石炭世石英钠长斑岩进行了详细的岩相学和LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年代学分析,并结合辉钼矿Re-Os同位素年龄测定,探讨土屋–延东铜矿带矿床成因。对延东铜矿4件辉钼矿样品进行Re-Os同位素分析,得到322.0±2.7 Ma的加权平均模式年龄和319.1±9.1 Ma等时线年龄,明显要晚于斜长花岗斑岩年龄。两个石英钠长斑岩样品LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄分别为324.9±2.4 Ma和324.5±2.1 Ma,表明石英钠长斑岩为晚石炭世岩浆活动的产物。岩相学研究表明,石英钠长斑岩中发育黄铜矿+绿泥石+硬石膏+方解石矿物组合,这与延东铜矿主成矿阶段的矿物组合基本一致,并且石英钠长斑岩成岩年龄与辉钼矿年龄在误差范围内一致,表明石英钠长斑岩可能与土屋-延东铜矿带铜矿形成有着密切关系,这一发现可能为大南湖–头苏泉岛弧带晚石炭世铜矿的勘查提供新的思路。