北京昌平高崖口-南口隐伏岩溶水系统地质构造新认识

高崖口-南口岩溶水系统是北京七大岩溶水系统之一,其东北部位于昌平南口,是隐伏岩溶地下水排泄区。查明该区地质构造发育情况,可以为评价岩溶水资源及北京优选战略后备水源地提供依据。本文在分析前人区域性重磁资料基础上,完成了5条总长30 km、总测点数626个的可控源音频大地电磁测深(CSAMT)剖面,采用SCS2D程序对CSAMT数据进行了二维反演解释,并实施了4眼勘探孔。物探和钻探研究结果表明:南口-孙河断裂是该系统的北东边界,走向北西,倾向南西,在雪山村附近断层落差达1017.5 m,是目前发现的断距最大的地区;断裂上盘蓟县系碳酸盐岩与侏罗系火山岩的地层界线,向西移动了2.4 km;南口山前断裂是山区裸露岩溶与平原隐伏岩溶的分界断裂,断裂走向北东,倾向南东,断距大于700 m,断裂上盘曹庄至南口一带有燕山期二长岩侵入,流村-葛村一带有燕山期闪长岩侵入。广泛发育的断层、岩体和火山岩,使这一区域岩溶含水层空间受到较大制约。     

Numerical experiments on the impacts of surface evaporation and fractionation factors on stable isotopes in precipitation

The isotope enabled atmospheric water balance model is applied to examine the spatial and temporal variations of δ¹⁸O in precipitation, amount effect and meteoric water lines (MWL) under four scenarios with different fractionation nature and surface evaporation inputs. The experiments are conducted under the same weather forcing in the framework of the water balance and stable water isotope balance. Globally, the spatial patterns of mean δ¹⁸O and global MWLs simulated by four simulation tests are in reasonably good agreement with the Global Network of Isotopes in Precipitation observations. The results indicate that the assumptions of equilibrium fractionation for simulating spatial distribution in mean annual δ¹⁸O and the global MWL, and kinetic fractionation in simulating δ¹⁸O seasonality are acceptable. In Changsha, four simulation tests all reproduce the observed seasonal variations of δ¹⁸O in precipitation. Compared with equilibrium fractionation, the depleted degree of stable isotopes in precipitation is enhanced under kinetic fractionation, in company with a decrease of isotopic seasonality and inter-event variability. The alteration of stable isotopes in precipitation caused by the seasonal variation of stable isotopes in vapour evaporated from the surface is opposite between cold and warm seasons. Four simulations all produce the amount effect commonly observed in monsoon areas. Under kinetic fractionation, the slope of simulated amount effect is closer to the observed one than other scenarios. The MWL for warm and humid climate in monsoon areas are well simulated too. The slopes and intercepts of the simulated MWLs decrease under kinetic fractionation.     

Numerical Simulation of Soil Squeezing Effects of a Jacked Pipe Pile in Soft Foundation Soil and in Foundation Soil with an Underlying Gravel Layer

A three-dimensional finite-element analysis was carried out using ABAQUS to evaluate the squeezing effects of a prestressed high-strength concrete (PHC) pipe pile, including land upheaval, lateral soil displacement, and soil stress field with depth-varying during pile-sinking. Field data used in the analysis were obtained from the settlement building project in Hefei City, Anhui Province, China. In coastal areas of China, PHC pipe piles are normally used for reinforcement of soft foundation. The changes of displacement with the increase of soil depth and radial distance during pile-sinking are simulated for both soft foundation and soft clay with an underlying gravel layer. The numerical simulation results show that there is little difference in land upheaval with soil depth during pile-sinking, and the obvious land upheaval occurs within 0.8 m from the center of the pile. The lateral soil displacement is evident within the area of 1.0 m from the axis of the PHC, decreases with the increase of radial distance during pile-sinking, and becomes negligible beyond 4.0 m. The existence of the gravel layer helps reduce soil squeezing substantially, and the soil squeezing effects during pile-sinking have less influence on the surrounding area of foundation with a gravel layer than that in a soft foundation soil without gravel layer.     

A Multi-method Approach for Estimating the Failure Depth of Coal Seam Floor in a Longwall Coal Mine in China

Determining the failure depth of coal seam floor is necessary for safe mining operations, especially when the coal seam is located above confined aquifers with high water pressure. Geomechanical, geophysical, and hydrogeological data collected during the longwall mining of the first working face of coal seam no. 16 in the Nantun coal mine, Shandong Province, China, were used to calculate the failure depth of the coal seam floor above the Ordovician limestone confined aquifer. The multiple method approach employed by this study made use of the plastic sliding theory, empirical formulas, water injection test, and numerical simulation. Multiple methods can compensate for and validate each other and also overcome the intrinsic limitations of any single method. The results showed that the most appropriate value of the failure depth of the coal seam floor in the mine was 14.6 m and this value proved useful for knowing the effective thickness of water pressure-resistant layer below the coal seam. The failure depth also proved to be an important parameter when preventing groundwater flow into the mine from the coal seam floor.     

Habitat suitability analysis of eelgrass <Emphasis Type="Italic">Zostera marina</Emphasis> L. in the subtidal zone of Xiaoheishan Island

We present a GIS-based habitat suitability index (HSI) model to identify suitable areas for Zostera marina L. restoration in the subtidal zone of Xiaoheishan Island. The controlling factors in the model, in order of importance, are Secchi depth, sediment composition, water temperature, salinity, current velocity, water depth and nutrient quality. Specific factor piecewise functions have been used to transform parameter values into normalized quality indexes. The weight of each factor was defined using expert knowledge and the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method. All of the data thus obtained were interpolated using the inverse distance weighted (IDW) interpolation method to create maps for the entire region. In this study, the analysis of habitat suitability in the subtidal zone of Xiaoheishan Island was conducted for four seasons. According to the GIS-based HSI model, the optimal habitat of Zostera marina L. appears in spring, although habitat remains suitable all year round. On the whole, the optimum site for eelgrass restoration is located in the eastern region, followed by the western and southern regions. We believe that the GIS-based HSI model could be a promising tool to select sites for Zostera marina L. restoration and could also be applicable in other types of habitat evaluation.     

Variations of dissolved iron in the Amur River during an extreme flood event in 2013

As a key factor limiting primary productivity in marine ecosystem, dissolved iron(DFe) export from fluvial systems has increased recently. There is particular concern about discharges of DFe during extreme flooding, when they are thought to increase considerably. An extreme flood event that caused inundation of extensive areas of Far Eastern Russia and Northeastern China occurred in the basin of the Amur River during summer and autumn 2013. During this event, water samples were collected in the middle reaches of the Amur River and the lower reaches at Khabarovsk City and analyzed for DFe concentrations and other aquatic parameters. The results show that the average DFe concentrations in the middle reaches of the Amur River(right bank) and at Khabarovsk were 1.11 mg/L and 0.32 mg/L, respectively, during the extreme flood in 2013. The total discharge of DFe during the flood event was 6.25 × 104 t. The high discharge of DFe during the flood reflects the elevated discharge of the river, hydrologically connected riparian wetlands, vast quantities of terrestrial runoff, and flood discharges from the Zeya and Bureya reservoirs. These results show that long-term monitoring is needed to identify and assess the impacts of DFe transport on the downstream reaches, estuarine area, and coastal ecosystems of the Amur River.     

黔北桐梓狮溪志留纪埃隆晚期石牛栏段的生物滩相

志留纪兰多维列世埃隆晚期,滇黔桂古陆以北的陆表海缓坡上沉积了石牛栏组石牛栏段浅水灰岩。珊瑚—层孔虫为主的后生动物格架岩建造的点礁分布北界仅延伸到桐梓水坝塘一带;更远岸的狮溪镇白芷垭剖面虽然远离古陆剥蚀区,层状灰岩中极低的粉砂质、泥质含量指示高清澈度的环境指标,内碎屑和少量生屑混合沉积的滩相灰岩沉积深度在最大浪基面之上,但珊瑚—层孔虫密度偏低,后生动物格架岩的丰度以及个体大小均达不到礁灰岩的标准,也不呈现生物礁特有的正向海底地貌。本文实例诠释了海底深度变化显著制约底栖群落的古生态分异,后生动物点礁栖居的深度范围有限。     

Anomalous circulation patterns in association with two types of daily precipitation extremes over southeastern China during boreal summer

Based on the daily rainfall data from China Meteorological Administration, the tropical cyclone (TC) best track data from Japan Meteorological Agency, and the NCEP-NCAR reanalysis data from NOAA, regional mean daily precipitation extreme (RDPE) events over southeastern China (specifically, the Fujian-Jiangxi region (FJR)) and the associated circulation anomalies are investigated. For the summers of 1979–2011, a total of 105 RDPE events are identified, among which 35 are TC-influenced (TCIn-RDPE) and 70 are TC-free events (TCFr-RDPE). Distinct differences between these two types of RDPEs are found in both their statistical features and the related circulation patterns. TCFr-RDPEs usually occur in June, while TCIn-RDPEs mainly take place during July–August. When TCFr-RDPEs happen, a center of the anomalous cyclonic circulation is observed over the FJR, with an anomalous anticyclonic circulation to the south of this region. The warm/moist air flows from the South China Sea (SCS) and western Pacific meet with colder air from the north, forming a narrow convergent belt of water vapor over the FJR. Simultaneously, positive diabatic forcing anomalies are observed over the FJR, whereas negative anomalies appear over both its south and north sides, facilitating the formation and maintenance of the cyclonic circulation anomaly, as well as the upward motion of the atmosphere, over the FJR. When TCIn-RDPEs occur, southeastern China is dominated by a TC-related stronger anomalous cyclonic circulation. An anomalous anticyclonic circulation in the mid and high latitudes north of the FJR exists in the mid and upper troposphere, opposite to the situation during TCFr-RDPE events. Abundant warm/wet air is carried into the FJR from both the Indian Ocean and the SCS, leading to a large amount of latent heat release over the FJR and inducing strong ascending motion there. Furthermore, large differences are also found in the manifestation of Rossby wave energy propagation between these two types of RDPE events. The results of this study are helpful to deepen our understanding of the mechanisms behind these two types of RDPE events.     

Study of spatial patterns and spatial effects of energy eco-efficiency in China

Energy eco-efficiency is a concept integrating ecological and economic benefits arising from energy utilization and serves as a measure of efficiency in the energy–environment–economy system. Using the slacks-based measure (SBM) model considering undesirable output, this study first measures the energy eco-efficiency of provinces in China from 1997 to 2012. It then analyzes the spatial distribution and evolution of energy eco-efficiency from three aspects: scale, intensity, and grain of spatial patterns. Finally, it examines the spatial spillover effects and influencing factors of energy eco-efficiency in different provinces by means of a spatial econometric model. The following conclusions are drawn: (1) The overall energy eco-efficiency is relatively low in China, with energy-inefficient regions accounting for about 40%. Guangdong, Hainan and Fujian provinces enjoy the highest energy eco-efficiency, while Ningxia, Gansu, Qinghai, and Xinjiang are representative regions with low efficiency. Thus, the pattern of evolution of China’s overall energy eco-efficiency is U-shaped. Among local regions, four main patterns of evolution are found: increasing, fluctuating, mutating, and leveling. (2) At the provincial level, China’s energy eco-efficiency features significant spatial agglomeration both globally and locally. High–high agglomeration occurs mainly in the eastern and southern coastal regions and low–low agglomeration in the northwestern region and the middle reaches of the Yellow River. Changes in spatial patterns have occurred mainly in areas with high–low and low–high agglomeration, with the most remarkable change taking place in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region. (3) There exist significant spatial effects of energy eco-efficiency among provinces in China. For the energy eco-efficiency of a given region, spatial spillovers from adjacent regions outweigh the influence of errors in adjacent regions. Industrial structure has the greatest influence on energy eco-efficiency.