Fluid generation and evolution during exhumation of deeply subducted UHP continental crust: Petrogenesis of composite granite–quartz veins in the Sulu belt,China

Composite granite–quartz veins occur in retrogressed ultrahigh pressure (UHP) eclogite enclosed in gneiss at General's Hill in the central Sulu belt, eastern China. The granite in the veins has a high‐pressure (HP) mineral assemblage of dominantly quartz+phengite+allanite/epidote+garnet that yields pressures of 2.5–2.1 GPa (Si‐in‐phengite barometry) and temperatures of 850–780°C (Ti‐in‐zircon thermometry) at 2.5 GPa (~20°C lower at 2.1 GPa). Zircon overgrowths on inherited cores and new grains of zircon from both components of the composite veins crystallized at c. 221 Ma. This age overlaps the timing of HP retrograde recrystallization dated at 225–215 Ma from multiple localities in the Sulu belt, consistent with the HP conditions retrieved from the granite. The ε_Hf(t) values of new zircon from both components of the composite veins and the Sr–Nd isotope compositions of the granite consistently lie between values for gneiss and eclogite, whereas δ¹⁸O values of new zircon are similar in the veins and the crustal rocks. These data are consistent with zircon growth from a blended fluid generated internally within the gneiss and the eclogite, without any ingress of fluid from an external source. However, at the peak metamorphic pressure, which could have reached 7 GPa, the rocks were likely fluid absent. During initial exhumation under UHP conditions, exsolution of H₂O from nominally anhydrous minerals generated a grain boundary supercritical fluid in both gneiss and eclogite. As exhumation progressed, the volume of fluid increased allowing it to migrate by diffusing porous flow from grain boundaries into channels and drain from the dominant gneiss through the subordinate eclogite. This produced a blended fluid intermediate in its isotope composition between the two end‐members, as recorded by the composite veins. During exhumation from UHP (coesite) eclogite to HP (quartz) eclogite facies conditions, the supercritical fluid evolved by dissolution of the silicate mineral matrix, becoming increasingly solute‐rich, more ‘granitic’ and more viscous until it became trapped. As crystallization began by diffusive loss of H₂O to the host eclogite concomitant with ongoing exhumation of the crust, the trapped supercritical fluid intersected the solvus for the granite–H₂O system, allowing phase separation and formation of the composite granite–quartz veins. Subsequently, during the transition from HP eclogite to amphibolite facies conditions, minor phengite breakdown melting is recorded in both the granite and the gneiss by K‐feldspar+plagioclase+biotite aggregates located around phengite and by K‐feldspar veinlets along grain boundaries. Phase equilibria modelling of the granite indicates that this late‐stage melting records P–T conditions towards the end of the exhumation, with the subsolidus assemblage yielding 0.7–1.1 GPa at <670°C. Thus, the composite granite–quartz veins represent a rare example of a natural system recording how the fluid phase evolved during exhumation of continental crust. The successive availability of different fluid phases attending retrograde metamorphism from UHP eclogite to amphibolite facies conditions will affect the transport of trace elements through the continental crust and the role of these fluids as metasomatic agents interacting with the mantle wedge in the subduction channel.     

Hydraulic fracturing stress transfer methods to control the strong strata behaviours in gob-side gateroads of longwall mines

With hard roof conditions and the influence of side and front abutment pressures, pressure bump and large deformations periodically occur in the advanced support area of longwall face gob-side gateroads. To control the strong strata behaviours in gob-side gateroads, “directional hydraulic fracturing, to cut off the roof hanging over the adjacent gob area, and pre-fracturing of the roof, located behind the working face being extracted,” are performed. The directional initiation of hydraulic fracturing is controlled by pre-slotting, and this action guides the propagation of hydraulic fractures in three-dimensional space. The oriented fractures meet engineering requirements by cooperating with both the in situ ground stresses and the mining-induced stresses, as well as the technology of hydraulic fracturing. In field applications, hydraulic fracturing has proven to be a viable option for weakening hard roofs, destressing the side and front abutment pressures at the mining face and also transferring in situ and mining-induced stresses. Successful field tests in the Tongxin coal mine, Datong district, as well as other coal mines, show that hydraulic fracturing in both a hanging roof over an adjacent gob area and in the gob area behind the advancing working face controls the behaviour of strong strata material on the gob-side of gateroads in longwall mining and also guarantees safe extraction at the working face.     

Evaluation of CBM reservoir fracture characteristics by azimuthal AVA inversion

Exploitation of coalbed methane (CBM) is directly affected by the strike and density of fractures, particularly because fractures can act as conduits for water and gas (after desorption). To realize the azimuthal amplitude versus angle (AVA) inversion for a CBM reservoir, we treated reservoirs whose fractures are aligned vertically as being equivalent to a horizontal transverse isotropic medium and simplified the P-P wave reflection coefficient formula to an approximately linear equation. Then, we adopted a modified damping least squares algorithm to solve the azimuthal AVA inversion problem. With edited macro-bins, corrected residual moveout, and normalized amplitude, the azimuthal gathers exhibited unambiguous azimuthal AVA characteristics. The #3 CBM reservoir in the Qinshui Basin was selected for a case study. The density and strike of the reservoir fractures were obtained and analyzed, and the reservoir was divided into three classes according to fracture density. Finally, in comparison with the gas production data, we confirmed that the inversion results and reservoir classification were both reasonable and credible.     

新疆卡拉麦里地区早泥盆世洋内弧：来自火山岩地球化学及锆石U-Pb 年龄的证据

新疆东准噶尔卡拉麦里地区早泥盆世火山岩由玄武岩和玄武安山岩组成,采用LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年方法,获得玄武安山岩锆石的U-Pb年龄为404.5±1.9 Ma,表明喷发时代为早泥盆世。岩石地球化学显示早泥盆世火山岩属岛弧拉斑系列,具相对较高的Mg^# 值(41.25～55.32)及较低的Nb(1.11×10^{- 6}～2.42×10^{- 6})、Zr(73.9×10^{- 6}～95×10^{- 6})和ΣREE(81.50×10^{- 6}～121.80×10^-6)含量。富集大离子亲石元素(LILE：K、Rb、Ba)和轻稀土元素(LREE),而亏损Ta、Nb和Ti高场强元素（HFSE：Ta、Nb、Ti）,并显示Eu弱的亏损,这些特征与岛弧火山岩类似,其原始岩浆可能起源于俯冲流体交代的亏损地幔楔的部分熔融。结合区域地质背景,认为早泥盆世火山形成于洋内弧的构造环境,为卡拉麦里古洋盆向北俯冲消减的产物。这是在卡拉麦里地区首次报道的洋内弧火山岩,这一新的发现和认识对研究东准噶尔古生代洋盆演化及区域构造格局均具有重要的意义。     

An efficient optimization method for identifying parameters of soft structured clay by an enhanced genetic algorithm and elastic–viscoplastic model

Soft structured clays usually exhibit complex behaviors, which can lead to difficulties in the determination of parameters and high testing costs. This paper aims to propose an efficient optimization method for identifying the parameters of advanced constitutive model for soft structured clays from only limited conventional triaxial tests. First, a new real-coded genetic algorithm (RCGA) is proposed by combining two new crossover and mutation operators for improving the performance of optimization. A newly developed elastic–viscoplastic model accounting for anisotropy, destructuration and creep features is enhanced with the cross-anisotropy of elasticity and is adopted for test simulations during optimization. Laboratory tests on soft Wenzhou marine clay are selected, with three of them being used as objectives for optimization and others for validation. The optimization process, using the new RCGA with a uniform sampling initialization method, is carried out to obtain the soil parameters. A classic genetic algorithm (NSGA-II)-based optimization is also conducted and compared to the RCGA for estimating the performance of the new RCGA. Finally, the optimal parameters are validated by comparing with other measurements and test simulations on the same clay. All comparisons demonstrate that a reliable solution can be obtained by the new RCGA optimization combined with the appropriate soil model, which is practically useful with a reduction in testing costs.     

胶东招掖郭家岭型花岗岩锆石年代学及其Pb同位素特征

采用SHRIMP测年技术，精确地测定了郭家岭型花岗岩年龄为130-126Ma，主要金矿化在126-120Ma之间，郭家岭型花岗岩与金矿化关系最密切。岩体Pb同位素组成反映了本区所处构造背景。     

云南老王寨金矿区煌斑岩的源区成分模拟

本文在总结云南老王寨金矿区煌斑岩的主要元素、过渡元素、亲石元素、稀土元素和同位素地球化学特征的基础上．利用岩石学混合计算方法对其源区成分进行了模拟，进而讨论了矿区这类岩石的成因。地球化学和模拟计算均表明，老王寨金矿区煌斑岩来源于交代富集地幔，板块俯冲（印度板块向欧亚板块俯冲）富含ALK、LREE及不相容元素的海底沉积物被带入地幔脱水形成的流体是引起本区地幔交代作用的主要因素。     

广西宜州裂陷槽晚古生代演化与早石炭世沉积锰矿分布*

滇黔桂地区晚古生代浅水碳酸盐岩台地与深水硅泥质盆地共存的古地理格局,是在加里东期褶皱基底上发生裂陷及差异沉降而发展起来的。广西宜州—柳州一带既是晚古生代上扬子碳酸盐岩地台南缘1条重要的沉积相分界线,也是晚古生代桂中和桂北地层分区、古生代—中生代雪峰山南段构造体系和桂中坳陷构造体系的分界线。文中通过对宜山—柳州一带晚古生代地层的区域对比和成因分析,恢复了桂中宜山—柳州地区晚古生代沉积盆地的演化历史。狭长型宜州裂陷槽盆地西起丹池断裂,向东经龙头、北牙、宜州延伸至柳州。自中泥盆世开始,首先在东西两端开始裂陷下沉,至早石炭世发展成型。受北侧来自江南隆起带陆源碎屑物质充填影响,其表现为南北不对称并在早石炭世晚期被填平。在宜州裂陷槽内发育多处早石炭世沉积型碳酸锰矿,含矿地层分布、地层序列及其沉积背景明显与裂陷槽演化有关。它们既是盆地演化历史的见证,也体现了桂中地区裂陷海槽的特色,值得在后续锰矿成因研究中予以重视。     

不同采样点数量下土壤有机质含量空间预测方法对比

运用普通克里格、泛克里格、协同克里格和回归克里格4种方法,结合由DEM获取的高程因子以及土壤全氮和阳离子交换量（CEC）,预测了黑龙江省海伦市耕地有机质含量的空间分布。不同样点数量下海伦市土壤有机质含量的空间变异结构分析表明,样点数量多并不一定能够识别土壤有机质含量的结构性连续组分,最优化的布置采样点位置可能比单纯增加...     

麦盖提斜坡奥陶系碳酸盐岩碳氧同位素特征及其意义

依据实测的塔里木盆地麦盖提斜坡玉北地区41个碳酸盐岩碳氧同位素数据,结合岩石学方法,研究了碳氧同位素的组成、演化及其地质意义。数据显示,δ~(13) C值主要分布在-2.6‰~0.7‰,均值为-1.0‰;δ~(18) O值分布在-9.4‰~-3.5‰,均值为-6.9‰。玉北地区古盐度为118.39~126.34,平均为121.94。奥陶系碳酸盐岩淡水改造作用明显。碳氧同位素的组成和演化不但可以指示沉积环境,而且还与生物生产率以及古海平面变化呈正相关性:δ~(13) C的低值对应于局限台地台内滩亚相沉积环境;δ~(13) C的高值对应于开阔台地滩间海、台内滩亚相沉积环境。碳氧同位素组成还对成岩环境有明显响应:鹰山组δ~(13) C与δ~(18) O均向高负值偏移,表明经历过强烈的表生岩溶作用;蓬莱坝组δ~(13) C低—中负值,δ~(18) O表现为高负值,在白云岩储层中可见鞍状白云石及燧石,主要为深埋藏成岩环境;良里塔格组同位素特征为δ~(18) O高负值,δ~(13) C低正值,并且在进入埋藏岩溶阶段之前还经历过风化壳岩溶作用。