全文获取类型
收费全文 | 10924篇 |
免费 | 2168篇 |
国内免费 | 2903篇 |
专业分类
测绘学 | 845篇 |
大气科学 | 2136篇 |
地球物理 | 2583篇 |
地质学 | 6076篇 |
海洋学 | 1244篇 |
天文学 | 580篇 |
综合类 | 1132篇 |
自然地理 | 1399篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 72篇 |
2023年 | 248篇 |
2022年 | 523篇 |
2021年 | 644篇 |
2020年 | 535篇 |
2019年 | 580篇 |
2018年 | 682篇 |
2017年 | 618篇 |
2016年 | 654篇 |
2015年 | 606篇 |
2014年 | 655篇 |
2013年 | 674篇 |
2012年 | 576篇 |
2011年 | 621篇 |
2010年 | 688篇 |
2009年 | 622篇 |
2008年 | 619篇 |
2007年 | 603篇 |
2006年 | 427篇 |
2005年 | 438篇 |
2004年 | 376篇 |
2003年 | 340篇 |
2002年 | 346篇 |
2001年 | 389篇 |
2000年 | 352篇 |
1999年 | 423篇 |
1998年 | 377篇 |
1997年 | 383篇 |
1996年 | 314篇 |
1995年 | 257篇 |
1994年 | 222篇 |
1993年 | 218篇 |
1992年 | 192篇 |
1991年 | 125篇 |
1990年 | 105篇 |
1989年 | 102篇 |
1988年 | 98篇 |
1987年 | 45篇 |
1986年 | 50篇 |
1985年 | 33篇 |
1984年 | 26篇 |
1983年 | 19篇 |
1982年 | 17篇 |
1981年 | 18篇 |
1980年 | 14篇 |
1979年 | 8篇 |
1978年 | 8篇 |
1977年 | 8篇 |
1975年 | 8篇 |
1958年 | 16篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
351.
根据湖北江夏国家农业气象观测一级站在最近几年水稻观测中实际遇到的情况以及调查发现,直播水稻已形成不推而广的迅猛发展趋势,作为农业气象观测已不可回避地会遇到直播水稻的生育进程观测问题。由于种植方式的改变,大田植株分布形式也发生了根本的变化,仅以传统的移栽水稻制定的现行《农业气象观测规范》已无法处理好直播水稻的观测问题。为此,笔者依据《农业气象观测规范》,结合实际观测经验,分析直播水稻与移栽水稻的差异以及由此引出的新问题,提出了新的观测处理方法,以供同行探讨。 相似文献
352.
353.
354.
355.
There are three basic methods in radiative transfer calculations, i.e., line-by-line (LBL) integration, correlated k-distribution method, and band model. The LBL integration is the most accurate of all, in which, there are two quadrature algorithms named in this paper as integration by lines and by sampling "points when calculating atmospheric transmittance in the considered wavenumber region. Because the LBL integration is the most expensive of all, it is necessary and important to save calculation time but increase calculation speed when it is put into use in the daily operation in atmospheric remote sensing and atmospheric sounding. A simplified LBL method is given in this paper on the basis of integration by lines, which increases computational speed greatly with keeping the same accuracy. Then, we discuss the effects of different cutoff schemes on atmospheric absorption coefficient, transmittance, and cooling rate under both of accurate and simplified LBL methods in detail. There are four cutoff schemes described in this paper, i.e., CUTOFFs 1, 2, 3, and 4. It is shown by this numerical study that the way to cut off spectral line-wing has a great effect on the accuracy and speed of radiative calculations. The relative errors of the calculated absorption coefficients for CUTOFF 2 are the largest under different pressures, while for CUTOFF 1, they are less than 2% at most of sampling points and for CUTOFFs 3 or 4, they are ahnost less than 5% in the calculated spectral region, however, the calculation time is reduced greatly. We find in this study that the transmittance in the lower atmosphere is not sensitive to different LBL methods and different cutoff schemes. Whereas for the higher atmosphere, the differences of transmittance results between CUTOFF 2 and each of other three cutoff schemes are the biggest of all no matter for the accurate LBL or for the simplified LBL integrations. By comparison, the best and optimized cutoff scheme is given in this paper finally. 相似文献
356.
Spring Arctic Oscillation-East Asian summer monsoon connection through circulation changes over the western North Pacific 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Dao-Yi Gong Jing Yang Seong-Joong Kim Yongqi Gao Dong Guo Tianjun Zhou Miao Hu 《Climate Dynamics》2011,37(11-12):2199-2216
In the present study the links between spring Arctic Oscillation (AO) and East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) was investigated with focus on the importance of the North Pacific atmospheric circulation and sea surface temperature (SST). To reduce the statistical uncertainty, we analyzed high-pass filtered data with the inter-annual time scales, and excluded the El Ni?o/Southern Oscillation signals in the climate fields using a linear fitting method. The significant relationship between spring AO and EASM are supported by the changes of multi-monsoon components, including monsoon indices, precipitation, and three-dimensional atmospheric circulations. Following a stronger positive spring AO, an anomalous cyclonic circulation at 850?hPa appears in southeastern Asia and the western North Pacific in summer, with the easterly anomalies spanning from the Pacific to Asian continent along 25°N?C30°N and the westerly anomalies south of 15°N. At the same time, the summer western North Pacific subtropical high becomes weaker. Consistently, the positive precipitation anomalies are developed over a broad region south of 30°N stretching from southern China to the western Pacific and the negative precipitation anomalies appear in the lower valley of the Yangtze River and southern Japan. The anomalous cyclone in the western North Pacific persisting from spring to summer plays a key role in modulating EASM and monsoon precipitation by a positive air-sea feedback mechanism. During spring the AO-associated atmospheric circulation change produces warmer SSTs between 150°E?C180° near the equator. The anomalous sensible and latent heating, in turn, intensifies the cyclone through a Gill-type response of the atmosphere. Through this positive feedback, the tropical atmosphere and SST patterns sustain their strength from spring to summer, that consequently modifies the monsoon trough and the western North Pacific subtropical high and eventually the EASM precipitation. Moreover, the SST response to AO-circulation is supported by the numerical simulations of an ocean model, and the anomalous atmospheric circulation over the western North Pacific is also reproduced by the dedicated numerical simulations using the coupled atmosphere?Cocean model. The observation evidence and numerical simulations suggest the spring AO can impact the EASM via triggering tropical air-sea feedback over the western North Pacific. 相似文献
357.
358.
Meng-Dawn Cheng 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2018,75(1):1-16
Although a large volume of monitoring and computer simulation data exist for global coverage of HF, study of HF in the troposphere is still limited to industry whose primary interest is the safety and risk assessment of HF release because it is a toxic gas. There is very limited information on atmospheric chemistry, emission sources, and the behavior of HF in the environment. We provide a comprehensive review on the atmospheric chemistry of HF, modeling the reactions and transport of HF in the atmosphere, the removal processes in the vertical layer immediately adjacent to the surface (up to approximately 500 m) and recommend research needed to improve our understanding of atmospheric chemistry of HF in the troposphere. The atmospheric chemistry, emissions, and surface boundary layer transport of hydrogen fluoride (HF) are summarized. Although HF is known to be chemically reactive and highly soluble, both factors affect transport and removal in the atmosphere, the chemistry can be ignored when the HF concentration is at a sufficiently low level (e.g., 10 ppmv). At a low concentration, the capability for HF to react in the atmosphere is diminished and therefore the species can be mathematically treated as inert during the transport. At a sufficiently high concentration of HF (e.g., kg/s release rate and thousands of ppm), however, HF can go through a series of rigorous chemical reactions including polymerization, depolymerization, and reaction with water to form molecular complex. As such, the HF species cannot be considered as inert because the reactions could intimately influence the plume’s thermodynamic properties affecting the changes in plume temperature and density. The atmospheric residence time of HF was found to be less than four (4) days, and deposition (i.e., atmosphere to surface transport) is the dominant mechanism that controls the removal of HF and its oligomers from the atmosphere. The literature data on HF dry deposition velocity was relatively high compared to many commonly found atmospheric species such as ozone, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, etc. The global average of wet deposition velocity of HF was found to be zero based on one literature source. Uptake of HF by rain drops is limited by the acidity of the rain drops, and atmospheric particulate matter contributes negligibly to HF uptake. Finally, given that the reactivity of HF at a high release rate and elevated mole concentration cannot be ignored, it is important to incorporate the reaction chemistry in the near-field dispersion close to the proximity of the release source, and to incorporate the deposition mechanism in the far-field dispersion away from the release source. In other words, a hybrid computational scheme may be needed to address transport and atmospheric chemistry of HF in a range of applications. The model uncertainty will be limited by the precision of boundary layer parameterization and ability to accurately model the atmospheric turbulence. 相似文献
359.
开平市近50年雷暴的气候统计特征 总被引:1,自引:3,他引:1
利用开平站1959-2008年雷暴资料,通过数理统计、小波分析方法,得出开平市雷暴天气的气候变化特征:开平市属于雷暴多发区,50年平均雷暴日72.9d;雷暴日年际变化大,总体呈下降趋势,气候倾向率为-0.8048d/年;各月均有可能发生雷暴,主要集中在4-9月;日间任何时次均有可能发生雷暴,13:00-17:00为高峰期;初、终雷平均日期为3月4日和10月13日,80%保证率下初雷出现在2月11日-3月27日,终雷出现在9月24日-10月29日;年际变化存在9-13年左右的长周期振荡。 相似文献
360.
干旱具有发生频率高、持续时间长、波及范围广的特点。而干旱预报为科学地进行防旱抢险提供了决策支持。选取反映不同类型干旱的指标,即标准化降雨指标(SPI)、标准化土壤湿度指标(SSWI)和标准化径流指标(SRI),通过SWAT模型和带有时滞的灰色关联判断了各干旱之间的时滞。以陆浑水库控制流域为例进行了分析,结果表明:SWAT模型在该流域有很好的适用性,1975—2009年间发生各类干旱的次数在增加,且变率上从气象干旱、农业干旱到水文干旱有所增加,同时不同类型干旱之间表现出了一定的时滞关系,气象干旱对农业干旱的响应时间为1个月;水文干旱对气象干旱的响应时间为4个月;水文干旱对农业干旱的响应时间为2个月。 相似文献