Renewed profile of the Mesozoic magmatism in Korean Peninsula: Regional correlation and broader implication for cratonic destruction in the North China Craton

Widespread Mesozoic magmatism occurs in the Korean Peninsula (KP). The status quo is poles apart between the northern and southern parts in characterizing its distribution and nature, with the nearly absence of any related information in North Korea. We have the opportunity to have conducted geological investigations in North Korea and South Korea during the past ten years through international cooperation programs. This led to the revelation of a number of granitoids and related volcanic rocks and thus facilitates the comparison with those in East China and Japan. Mesozoic granitoids in the KP can be divisible into three age groups: the Triassic group with a peak age of ~220 Ma, the Jurassic one of ~190–170 Ma and the late Early Cretaceous one of ~110 Ma. The Triassic intrusions include syenite, calc-alkaline to alkaline granite and minor kimberlite in the Pyeongnam Basin of North Korea. They have been considered to form in post-orogenic settings related to the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB) or the Dabie-Sulu Orogenic Belt (DSOB). The Jurassic granitoids constitute extensive occurrence in the KP and are termed as the Daebo-period magmatism. They correlate well with coeval counterparts in NE China encompassing the northeastern part of the North China Craton (NCC) and the eastern segment of the CAOB. They commonly consist of biotite or two-mica granites and granodiorites, with some containing small dark diorite enclaves. On one hand, Early Jurassic to early Middle Jurassic magmatic rocks are rare in most areas of the NCC, whilst Middle-Late Jurassic ones are not developed in the KP. On the other hand, both NCC and KP host abundant Cretaceous granites. However, the present data revealed contrasting age peaks, with ~130–125 Ma in the NCC and ~110–105 Ma in the KP. Cretaceous granites in the KP comprise the dominant biotite granites and a few amphibole granites. The former exhibit mildly fractionated REE patterns and zircon ε _Hf(t) values from -15 to -25, whereas the latter feature strongly fractionated REE patterns and zircon ε _Hf(t) values from -10 to -1. Both granites contain inherited zircons of ~1.8–1.9 or ~2.5 Ga. These geochemical characters testify to their derivation from re-melting distinct protoliths in ancient basement. Another Cretaceous magmatic sub-event has been entitled as the Gyeongsang volcanism, which is composed of bimodal calc-alkaline volcanic rocks of 94–55 Ma and granitic-hypabyssal granitic bodies of 72–70 Ma. Synthesizing the Mesozoic magmatic rocks across the KP, NCC and Japan can lead to the following highlights: (1) All Triassic granites in the NCC, KP and Japan have similar characteristics in petrology, chronology and geochemistry. Therefore, the NCC, KP and Japan tend to share the same tectonic setting during the Triassic, seemingly within the context of Indosinian orogensis. (2) Jurassic to earliest Cretaceous magmatic rocks in the NCC seem to define two episodes: episode A from 175 to 157 Ma and episode B from 157 to 135 Ma. Jurassic magmatic rocks in the KP span in age mainly from 190 to 170 Ma, whereas 160–135 Ma ones are rare. With the exception of ~197 Ma Funatsu granite, Jurassic magmatic rocks are absent in Japan. (3) Cretaceous granites in the KP have a peak age of ~110, ~20 Ma younger than those in the NCC, while Japan is exempt from ~130–100 Ma granites. (4) The spatial-temporal distribution and migratory characteristics of the Jurassic-Cretaceous magmatic rocks in Japan, KP, and NE China-North China indicate that the subduction of the Paleo-Pacific plate might not be operative before Late Cretaceous (~130–120 Ma). (5) Late Cretaceous magmatic rocks (~90–60 Ma) occur in the southwestern corner of the KP and also in Japan, coinciding with the metamorphic age of ~90–70 Ma in the Sanbagawa metamorphic belt of Japan. The magmatic-metamorphic rock associations and their spatial distribution demonstrate the affinities of sequentially subduction zone, island arc and back-arc basin from Japan to Korea, arguing for the Pacific plate subduction during Late Cretaceous. (6) This study raises another possibility that the Mesozoic cratonic destruction in the NCC, which mainly occurred during ~150–120 Ma, might not only be due to the subduction of the Paleo-Pacific Plate, but also owe much to the intraplate geodynamic forces triggered by other adjacent continental plates like the Eurasian and Indian plates.     

A background error covariance model of significant wave height employing Monte Carlo simulation

The quality of background error statistics is one of the key components for successful assimilation of observations in a numerical model.The background error covariance(BEC) of ocean waves is generally estimated under an assumption that it is stationary over a period of time and uniform over a domain.However,error statistics are in fact functions of the physical processes governing the meteorological situation and vary with the wave condition.In this paper,we simulated the BEC of the significant wave height(SWH) employing Monte Carlo methods.An interesting result is that the BEC varies consistently with the mean wave direction(MWD).In the model domain,the BEC of the SWH decreases significantly when the MWD changes abruptly.A new BEC model of the SWH based on the correlation between the BEC and MWD was then developed.A case study of regional data assimilation was performed,where the SWH observations of buoy 22001 were used to assess the SWH hindcast.The results show that the new BEC model benefits wave prediction and allows reasonable approximations of anisotropy and inhomogeneous errors.     

Energetics and temporal variability of internal tides in Luzon Strait: a nonhydrostatic numerical simulation

A fully nonlinear,three-dimensional nonhydrostatic model driven by four principal tidal constituents(M2,S2,K1,and O1) is used to investigate the spatial-temporal characteristics and energetics of internal tides in Luzon Strait(LS).The model results show that,during spring(neap) tides,about 64(47) GW(1 GW=109 W) of barotropic tidal energy is consumed in LS,of which 59.0%(50.5%) is converted to baroclinic tides.About 22(11) GW of the derived baroclinic energy flux subsequently passes from LS,among which 50.9%(54.3%) flows westward into the South China Sea(SCS) and 45.0%(39.7%) eastward into the Pacific Ocean,and the remaining 16(13) GW is lost locally owing to dissipation and convection.It is revealed that generation areas of internal tides vary with the spring and neap tide,indicating different source areas for internal solitary waves in the northern SCS.The region around the Batan Islands is the most important generation region of internal tides during both spring and neap tides.In addition,the baroclinic tidal energy has pronounced seasonal variability.Both the total energy transferred from barotropic tides to baroclinic tides and the baroclinic energy flux flowing out of LS are the highest in summer and lowest in winter.     

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黑龙江省东北部街津口-抚远地区花岗闪长斑岩的锆石U-Pb定年及其地质意义

报导了黑龙江省东北部街津口-抚远地区花岗闪长斑岩中的锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年结果,以限定该区花岗闪长斑岩的形成时代及其构造属性。花岗闪长斑岩中的锆石多呈自形-半自形晶,振荡环带发育,Th/U值主要为0.31～1.23,指示其岩浆成因。对岩浆锆石的定年结果表明,这些花岗闪长斑岩均形成于晚白垩世（90.2～94.8 Ma）,而非前人认为的晚印支期。结合研究区及其邻区同时代火成岩的组合特征和古太平洋板块的构造演化历史,认为黑龙江省东北部街津口-抚远地区晚白垩世花岗闪长斑岩形成于古太平洋板块向东亚大陆俯冲的构造背景,该期岩浆事件标志着古太平洋板块正向俯冲作用的开始。     

结构Pushover分析的侧向力分布及高阶振型影响

Pushover分析方法是逐渐得到广泛应用的一种评估结构抗震性能的简化方法,已被引入我国新的建筑结构抗震设计规范。侧向力分布的选取是结构Pushover分析中的一个关键问题,尤其高阶振型影响显著时其选取直接影响Pushover分析的结果。本文通过拟合规范反应谱,挑选了适用Ⅱ类场地的4条地震动记录和4条人工波,对比了典型地震动下非线性时程分析和采用5种不同侧向力分布的Pushover分析的5层、10层和15层钢筋混凝土结构在不同地震动强度时的反应。通过结构振型参与系数量化了各个结构的高阶振型的影响。研究发现,随着结构层数的增加和地震动强度的增加高阶振型的影响变大,侧向力的选取变得十分重要。本文对在高阶振型影响下钢筋混凝土框架结构的Pushover分析中侧向力的选取提出了建议。     

干热岩资源和增强型地热工程:国际经验和我国展望

干热岩（HDR）是一种没有水或含有少量水的高温岩体,保守估计地壳中3~10 km深处干热岩所蕴含的能量相当于全球所有石油、天然气和煤炭所蕴藏能量的30倍。增强型地热系统（EGS）是指通过水力压裂等工程手段在地下深部低渗透性干热岩体中形成人工地热储层,采出相当数量热能的人工地热系统。EGS的研究与开发已有40年的历史,但早期只局限在美国、英国、法国、日本、澳大利亚等国家,我国这方面的研究于近几年起步。目前干热岩的开发面临诸多挑战,如大体积人工裂隙热储的建造、实现EGS商业化需要进一步研究和技术开发等。本文回顾分析了国际上重要EGS示范场地建设和研究过程中所取得的经验和积累的教训,讨论了我国近几年的研究进展,希望为我国今后EGS研究和工程化示范提供参考和借鉴。     

西藏改则热那错上三叠统日干配错组碳酸盐岩岩石学特征与沉积环境*

西藏改则县热那错东沟剖面上三叠统卡尼阶至瑞替阶日干配错组沉积了厚度较大的碳酸盐岩地层,其中化石丰富。在碳酸盐岩中识别出11种主要的岩石类型：灰泥灰岩﹑含生物碎屑灰泥灰岩、生物碎屑粒泥灰岩、生物碎屑泥粒灰岩、内碎屑泥粒灰岩、内碎屑颗粒灰岩、藻颗粒灰岩、多种类型鲕粒灰岩、单一类型鲕粒灰岩、球粒泥粒灰岩和生物礁灰岩。根据岩石特征及组合类型可划分为5种沉积相：陆源碎屑滨岸相、局限台地相、开阔台地相、台地边缘浅滩相和台地边缘礁相,它们共同构成了日干配错组4个有序的海侵—海退旋回,整体显现出海侵的相序结构。     

黄骅坳陷板桥地区湖相滩坝砂体内部隔(夹)层成因机制与分布样式

黄骅坳陷板桥地区古近系沙河街组沙二段具有典型的湖泊滩坝沉积特点,其砂体内部主要发育泥质、钙质和致密粉砂质3种类型的隔夹层。利用构型分析法,将滩坝砂体分为复合坝、单一坝和坝内增生体3个构型要素,将内部隔(夹)层分为单一坝间隔层和单一坝内夹层2个级别。单一坝间隔层具有3种成因机制:(1)基准面波动造成单一坝叠置区分布的细粒沉积;(2)风暴作用形成的滞留泥砾沉积;(3)坝后水动力低能区域形成的泥质沉积。单一坝内夹层则是波浪能量衰减形成的细粒沉积,岩性以粉砂质泥岩、泥质粉砂岩为主。通过分析夹层的井上识别特征,结合青海湖、岱海现代沉积的原型地质模式,对单一坝进行内部构型解剖。结果表明,夹层厚度为0.1～1m,靠近岸线近水平分布,向湖中心方向以低角度倾斜,倾角为2°～5°。不同级次与成因的隔(夹)层在滩坝砂体中都有特定的发育部位,其分布规律和空间配置关系不仅可以反映不同隔(夹)层的沉积时间顺序,还可以依此来推测滩坝的沉积规模与展布形态。隔(夹)层会导致含油气性的差异,认识隔(夹)层分布规律是提高滩坝储集层油气采收率的关键。