Gushan magnetite–apatite deposit in the Ningwu basin, Lower Yangtze River Valley, SE China: Hydrothermal or Kiruna-type?

The Gushan deposit is one of the typical magnetite–apatite deposits associated with dioritic porphyries in the Lower Yangtze River Valley belt of the eastern Yangtze craton. The origin of this deposit is still uncertain and remains a controversial issue. Divergent opinions are centered on whether the iron deposits are magmatic or hydrothermal in origin. However, our field observations and mineralogical studies, combined with previous published petrological and geochemical features strongly suggest that the main ore bodies in the Gushan magnetite–apatite deposit are magmatic. Specific evidence includes the existence of gas bubbles, tubes, and miarolitic and amygdaloidal structures, melt flow banding structure and the presence of “ore breccia”. New electron microprobe analyses of the pyroxene phenocrysts of the dioritic porphyry genetically associated with the Gushan magnetite–apatite deposit show that the Fe contents in the evolving magma dramatically decrease, and then gradually increase. Because there is no evidence of mafic magma recharge, this scenario (decreasing Fe) could be plausibly interpreted by Fe-rich melts separated from Fe-poor silicate melts, i.e., liquid immiscibility was triggered by minor addition of phosphorus by crustal contamination. The occurrence of massive iron ore bodies can be satisfactorily explained by the immiscible Fe-rich melt with enormous volatile contents was driven to the top of the magma chamber due to the low density. The hot and volatile-rich iron ore magma was injected along fractures and spaces between the dioritic intrusions and wall-rocks, and led to an explosion near the surface, resulting in the immediate fragmentation of the roof of the intrusion and wall-rocks, forming brecciated ores. Moreover, other types of ores can be considered as a result of post-magmatic hydrothermal activities. Our proposed metallogenic model involving the Kiruna-type mineralization is consistent with the observed phenomenon in the Gushan deposit.     

山西省大同盆地砂板梁新隆起的变形位移及其成因

本文研究了大同盆地内部砂板梁新隆起的变形位移特征和类型。变形位移在不同类型的沉积物中表现形式不同,主要有:(1)基岩与粘土接触带的断层位错;(2)砂砾层中砾石的旋转位移,使砾石长轴平行于变形带定向排列;(3)砂层中砂粒的粒间旋转位移;(4)粘土层中的柔性变形,但当粘土含水率较低时,则表现为脆性变形。由此,造成了砂板梁西北侧实测剖面上总位移量与断层累积位移量的差异。最后用几何学方法探讨了伸展环境下砂板梁的隆起机制,结果与实际情况相符。     

Effect of Farmyard Manure Application on Dissolution of Carbonate Rocks and Its Eco-environmental Impact

A much improved understanding of how farmyard manure application may affect carbonate rock dissolution is needed in order to predict possible feedbacks between the rock carbon cycle and the global climate system. Two carbonate mineral rock tablets; dolomite and limestone were buried at six depths between 0 and 110 cm in a soil typical of the subtropical karst area in Guiyang City, Guizhou Province. The extent of tablet dissolution, soil CO2, soil pH, soil water content, soil mineral and chemical composition, and chemical composition of soil water were tested in order to assess the degree of dissolution under manure application over the course of one year. The results show that manure addition decreases the dissolution rate of carbonate rocks; limestone and dolomite by between 11.7%-116.9% and 25.0%-65.69% respectively, with the dissolution rate of limestone consistently exceeding that of dolomite under the same conditions. Our data indicates that the rate of pedogenesis of the dolomite and limestone rocks is decreased as much as 35.77% and 59.41% respectively, as a result of manure application. Moreover, the results suggest that manure application accelerated the generation of soil CO2, with soil CO2 concentration increasing on average by 93.94%, and the CO2 flux increasing by 67.64% compared with the control profile. Finally, the data also indicates that manure decreases CO2 uptake by dissolution of carbonate rocks by 25.50%-39.45% on a Guiyang city scale. The counteraction of the CO2 sink contributed by karst water due to farmyard manure utilization in general karst area (both dolomite and limestone) however was 59.41%-62.72%, indicating the application of manure successfully reduces both dissolution and CO2 release to the atmosphere.

     

三阶海浪波高分布及其应用

在三阶海浪非线性波高分布模式的基础上，引进描述分布函数结构形式的重要统计量，即概率分布的离差系数与偏差系数。给出这两个统计量与非线性控制参数之间的解析关系式，从而给出了反映风浪不同状态下的波高分布特征。与传统的瑞利分布相比，本文的结果有更广泛的实用意义。并把理论结果应用于黄河口波浪统计学的研究。     

Technical progress of China's national remote sensing mapping:from mapping western China to national dynamic mapping

Remote sensing mapping is an important research direction in the development of geographic surveying and mapping.In order to successfully implement the project of Mapping Western China(MWC),a technical mapping system has been established.In this project,many problems have been solved through technological innovation,such as block adjustment with scarce control points,large-scale aerial/satellite image mapping,and intelligent interpretation of multi-source images.Several softwares were developed,e.g.PixelGrid for aerial/satellite image mapping in a large area,FeatureStation for the integration of multi-source data in the complex terrain areas,and an airborne multi-band and multi-polarization interferometric data acquisition system for SAR mapping.For the first time,full coverage of 1∶50,000 topographic data of China's land territory has been produced,which means the geospatial framework of digital China is basically completed.With the implementation of other key national plans and projects(i.e.national geographic conditions monitoring and national remote sensing map-ping),the focus has changed from MWC to national dynamic mapping.Accordingly,a dynamic mapping system is established.The data acquisition capability has developed from a single source to multiple sources and multiple modalities.The mapping capability has developed into dynamic mapping,and the capability for database update shows the characteristics of colla-boration.The national geographic condition monitoring creates a multi-scale index system for statistical analysis for various needs.A multi-level and multi-dimensional technical system for statistical computing and decision-making service is developed for the transformation from dynamic monitoring to information service.In this paper,we give a brief introduction about the recent development of remote sensing mapping in China with respect to data acquisition,map production,and information service.The purpose of this paper is to motivate the establishment of theory and method for remote sensing mapping,technical and equipment in the smart mapping era,to improve the capability of perceiving,analyzing,mining,and applying geographic data,and to promote the intelligent development of geographic survey-ing and mapping.     

松潘—甘孜造山带中丹巴地区变质岩演化及其地质意义

丹巴地区位于松潘—甘孜造山带中部。区域动热变质作用主要发生于印支晚期—喜马拉雅早期,与深层滑脱-逆冲作用有关。根据特征矿物组合．丹巴地区变质岩可划分出六个变质带：绢云母—绿泥石带、黑云母带、石榴子石带、十字石带、蓝晶石带和夕线石带。石榴子石生长环带代表每段时间矿物晶体边部的平衡,可用于推测石榴子石生长时的P－t轨迹。利用石榴子石—黑云母温度计和石榴子石—斜长石—Al2SiO5-石英压力计得到石榴子石的参考温度、压力,根据环带定量计算得到的变质作用p-t轨迹为顺时外形式,与其所处的构造背景为大陆碰撞造山带是一致的。     

川西甲基卡锂等稀有多金属矿田成矿地质特征与成因分析

锂(Li)被国家列为了"关键金属".位于四川西部的甲基卡稀有金属矿田锂资源得天独厚,累计查明氧化锂(Li2O)资源储量286.11万t,预测远景资源量500万t,是世界级硬岩型锂矿富集区.二云母花岗岩以含锂辉石、锂白云母、黑鳞云母以及电气石、磷灰石为特征.花岗岩细晶岩型锂矿为主体并与伟晶岩型锂矿共存,且发育韵律式条带结构是甲基卡矿田独有的特点.笔者以在甲基卡地区及外围调查研究与找矿勘探实践为基础,总结了甲基卡锂等稀有多金属矿田的成矿地质特征,从二云母花岗岩、伟晶岩脉以及韵律式条带结构、地球化学、包裹体等方面的特征,探讨了锂金属超常富集的成因,提出了甲基卡花岗岩浆多中心底辟穹隆、不混溶Li-F花岗质岩浆、半开放裂隙系统的脉动式多期充填-交代及花岗质岩浆结晶分异-自交代成岩成矿的认识.这一认识对稀有金属找矿具有重要意义,但对于稀有金属的分配、迁移、超常富集过程等科学问题还需要继续深入研究,以期更大的找矿突破.     

辽宁东部凹陷南部地区地球物理资料的综合解释

介绍了对辽宁东部凹陷南部地区1:5万重、磁、电磁测深资料的综合研究工作结果,提供了较为丰富的地质信息,为进一步深化认识该区的地质构造特征提供了依据.文中重点讨论了该区基底形态及结构、断裂特征、火山岩分布、中生界地层分布等地质问题.对该区基底结构、中央凸起带的南延等问题提出了新的认识.     

四川广元──陕西宁强间下志留统生物礁

川西北广元-陕西宁强间下志留统巨厚的暗色泥岩地层中赋存有数以百计的生物礁，包括堤礁、点礁、堤状点礁群、生物岩丘、灰泥丘、层状岩丘，出露好，大小不一。礁是在浅水陆棚泥岩相的基础上发育起来的.造礁生物主要为横板珊瑚属的链珊瑚和蜂窝珊瑚及泡孔目的皮壳状、半球状苔藓虫。礁发育的基底主要为泥基质疙瘩状灰岩，也可以是生屑滩、近基风暴岩和淹没的潮坪层纹石灰岩。礁的衰亡以淹死型为主，少数为旱死型。在广元河湾场地区的河深１井钻遇礁组合５３.５５ｍ，中途测试有气浸显示、川南井下亦钻遇生物灰岩、生清灰岩（可能即为生物礁），见沥青充填裂隙、晶洞。包绕礁体的暗色泥岩有机炭丰度高。因之，志留系生物礁有希望成为四川盆地潜在的油气勘探目的层。