1879年武都南8级大地震及其同震破裂研究

近年来，通过艰苦的野外现场考察和室内相关资料的系统调研，对1879年武都南8级大震的震级、震害、烈度分布、同震破裂及其形成该事件的发震构造、形成机制等方面的问题进行了专题研究。本文对武都南8级大震的宏观震中位置、震级及同震破裂研究结果进行了总结。重点讨论了该历史事件同震破裂的分布范围、破裂类型、规模及其形成机制等方面的问题。研究结果表明：（1）武都南地震的极震区主体位于甘肃东南部的武都与文县之间，且靠近武都南，为一呈北东东向展布的椭圆形，长轴长约70km，短轴长约30km，宏观震中位于极震区东部的堡子坝附近。（2）极震区内分布有3条向北东撒开，向南西收敛的同震破裂带。（3）主破裂带西起哈南白水江，东至固水子、透坊、稻畦子一带的白龙江沿岸。（4）同震破裂主要由地震裂缝、地震陡坎、地震鼓包、地震滑坡、堰塞湖等构造类型组成，其中以滑坡现象最为突出，保存也最为完整。（5）根据同震破裂的产生部位，几何』结构和形成机制，可认为武都南地震的同震破裂带是在哈南-稻畦子-毛坡拉断裂带左旋走滑兼倾滑活动作用下形成的。（6）根据同震破裂的规模及发震断裂运动量实测数据，可以确定武都南地震震级已达8级。     

Adsorption of phosphate on tidal flat surface sediments from the Yangtze Estuary

Adsorption of phosphate (PO₄-P) by sediments of nine sites taken from the Yangtze Estuarine and coastal tidal flats were studied in a laboratory. The results indicate that the process of phosphorus adsorption onto sediments mainly occurred within 0-10 h, and then reached a dynamic equilibrium. This experimental finding has shown maximum adsorption rates (ad-R) occurred within 0-0.5 h, ranging from 10.40-56.40 mg/kg h with regional differences. The adsorption rates were obviously related to concentrations of fine particles (<63 µm) in the sediments. Adsorption isotherm curves were fitted to the modified Langmuir equation. Adsorption capacities (ad-C) varied from 26.32 to 204.08 mg/kg, and showed good affinities for Fe³⁺ and TOC concentrations. The adsorption efficiency (ad-E) of phosphate on sediments ranged from 21.55 to 248.30 L/kg, showing a close correlation with TOC concentrations. A correlation between environmental factors and phosphate adsorption is presented in this experiment. Phosphate adsorption is susceptible to changes in pH, temperature and salinity conditions.     

Gold in Tuanjiegou natural waters: A method of determination by preconcentration with pretreated polyurethane foam in the field

A rapid method has been developed for determining the concentration of Au in natural waters in Tuanjiegou, Heilongjiang Province, northeastern China. By preconcentration with pretreated polyurethane foam in the field, Au was analysed by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry.     

A reappraisal of the high-Ti and low-Ti classification of basalts and petrogenetic linkage between basalts and mafic–ultramafic intrusions in the Emeishan Large Igneous Province, SW China

Based on published data, we reappraise the classification of high-Ti and low-Ti basalt from the Emeishan large igneous province (ELIP) and the correlations between basalts and mafic–ultramafic intrusions. Because of the lack of clear spatial and temporal variations of different types of basalts, we suggest that the basalts in the ELIP cannot be classified into high-Ti and low-Ti groups, by TiO₂ contents and/or Ti/Y ratios. The distinctive characteristics of these high-Ti and low-Ti lavas probably result largely from the different fractionating assemblages. Whether or not fractional crystallization of the Fe–Ti oxides occurred probably is the key factor that controls the Ti abundances and Ti/Y ratios in the residual melts, e.g., lavas, although the nature of the mantle sources, variable degrees of partial melting of mantle and crustal contamination also influence the geochemical signatures of the lavas. Therefore, neither Ti abundance nor Ti/Y ratios in basalts can reflect the nature of their mantle source. Moreover, the different types of mafic–ultramafic intrusions in the ELIP cannot simply be attributed to be genetically related special types of basalts, either high-Ti or low-Ti basalts. It is likely that they are merely the cumulus phases, i.e. chamber or conduit of the basaltic lavas. Hence, caution should be exercised in the use of high-Ti or low-Ti basalts as prospecting vectors for ore deposits in the region. Potential implications are proposed that both the Fe–V–Ti oxide and Cu–Ni–(PGE) sulfide mineralization in the ELIP intrusions is largely due to the variable differentiation and crustal contamination during magmatic processes.     

Comprehensive analysis of relationship between vegetation attributes and soil erosion on hillslopes in the Loess Plateau of China

In soil and water conservation research, vegetation is considered to be a primary factor affecting soil erosion. Many studies focus on the relationship between soil erosion and a given attribute of vegetation. Few studies have attempted a comprehensive analysis of vegetation attributes. Thus, the aim of this study is to explain the relationship between vegetation and soil erosion in detail. We studied 104 vegetation plots and 104 soil samples in the Yangjuangou catchment, Loess Plateau, Shaanxi Province, China. According to a correlation analysis of the vegetation attributes and soil ¹³⁷Cs inventories, vegetation cover exerts a positive effect on soil erosion. In addition, vegetation aggregation increases with increasing soil loss. During this period of study, plant diversity can have different relationships with soil erosion according to the vegetation pattern. When vegetation distribution is relatively homogeneous, plant cover decreases with increasing diversity, and the soil loss increases. When vegetation pattern distributes between homogeneous and heterogeneous, the relationship between vegetation diversity and soil erosion is not obvious. When vegetation distribution is in a heterogeneous pattern, cover increases with increasing diversity, and soil loss decreases.     

CHIM-geoelectrochemical method in search of concealed mineralisation in China and Australia

A version of the geoelectrochemical prospecting technique developed in China was demonstrated in China and Australia to test its suitability under both Chinese and Australian conditions. This paper briefly describes the mechanism and effectiveness of the technique applied to search of concealed mineralisation through regolith cover, based on both experimental and field tests. This paer deals with three main aspects of the method： a） how metallic ions are released from orebodies by electrochemical dissolution; b） how these ions migrate to the collector and are deposited as elements by electrochemical extraction in the presence of an electric field; and c） the effectiveness of the method illustrated by some case studies.     

AutoLISP编程在工程计算中的应用

三维实体重构是工程规划和设计以及管理等各项技术的基础。采用AutoLISP编程方法,基于距离反比加权法和Delaunay三角网法插值原理,开发出了一套工程数据处理程序。该程序能进行离散点数据插值、三维数字地面模型的生成、三维实体重构和工程土方量计算。采用这一方法编制的程序具有移值性强、操作方便直观、适用范围广、计算精度高等特点。同时,该程序能大大减轻工程人员的工作强度,提高工作效率。该程序的使用不仅有利于设计人员对工程计算结果的判断和利用,而且有利于设计人员对设计作出及时地调整,从而达到优化工程设计、减少工程费用的目的。     

水洞沟:东西方文化交流的风向标?——兼论华北小石器文化和“石器之路”的假说

水洞沟文化从发现之初便以其所具有的西方旧石器中、晚期特点而引起了学者们的注意,并被后来的很多学者引证为东西方交流的有利证据。但是对于在这一文化现象里所发生的交流模式的探讨依然含糊,或者它不言而喻是一种“西来”的模式。随着对该文化中存在的“勒瓦娄哇石核”技术的揭示,这一观点似乎只会被加强。然而新的研究证据使人们有可能质疑过去的观点,而重新审视水洞沟文化的内涵和意义。文章通过水洞沟文化中“东谷坨石核”的再现,对水洞沟文化在东西方文化交流中的位置提出新的看法,进而探讨华北小石器文化的主导性与传播性,并指出确立旧石器时代早期“华北中心说”和“华北小石器文化自源性”概念的必要性,提出历史时期东西方文化交流中“丝绸之路”的前身应为史前时期即已存在的“石器之路”的假说,认为水洞沟是东西方文化交流与传播的风向标。     

计算机在碎屑岩粒度及岩矿成分数据定量分析中的应用

碎屑岩的粒度特征和岩石矿物学特征是判别沉积时的自然地理环境、水动力条件、物源和母岩区性质的良好标志,因此,粒度分析和岩矿数据分析是碎屑岩沉积学研究中的一个重要方面。本文在建立粒度和岩矿成分数据库的基础上,设计了编绘粒度分析直方图、累积曲线图、概率图和C-M图以及岩矿成分图解的程序,同时计算统计参数,给出了利用粒度参数建立判别函数,自动判别沉积环境的方法。     

新疆西昆仑“依沙克群”中的放射虫组合及其形成时代探讨

依沙克群是80年代建立的一个岩石地层单元。由于缺乏可信的古生物学证据,因此关于该套地层的时代一直颇有争议。近期,笔者首次在该套地层上部的复理石中发现了早古生代和晚泥盆-早石炭世2个放射虫组合。两套含有化石的地层间为冲断接触。结合前人对依沙克群下部岩性段基性熔岩形成年龄的研究,笔者认为依沙克群已不能作为一个统一的岩石地层单元存在,而应予解体。