近50年内蒙古东部水热变化及对农业的影响

利用内蒙古东部农业区25个气象站近50 a降水量、气温、日照时数和相应的产量资料,研究内蒙古东部主要产粮区水热变化与农业的关系。结果表明:近50 a该区气温增温速率高于全国平均增温速率,降水和日照时数存在减少趋势,增温幅度从西向东递增,有明显时段差异,尤其20世纪90年代以后暖干化趋势明显,水热匹配格局发生变化。降水是影响产量的主导因素,其次是温度因子。降水在Ⅰ-Ⅲ区主要影响时段是6~8月,而Ⅳ区是4~5月;生长季或夏季温差和平均最高气温对产量影响较显著,水分短缺和高温胁迫是造成减产的重要原因。     

Runoff separation and eco-hydrological function in the typical landscape zones combining hydrochemical and isotopic tracers: a review

The study on the coupling relationship and hydrology mechanism between ecosystem and hydrological process in a basin has recently become the international research frontier in hydrology.Runoff separation is still an important subject and possibly cutting edge process in hydrology.This paper summarizes the progress of national and international research,and comments on the advantages and disadvantages of recent,diverse base flow separation methods.This paper also presents research on hydrological process and eco-hydrological function in different landscape zones,combining isotopic technology with hydrochemical methods.Based on the runoff separation of different water bodies,this paper probes into the coupling relationship and hydrology mechanism between ecosystem pattern and eco-hydrological process,and makes analysis on water conservation,regulation and storage mechanism,and eco-hydrological function in different landscape zones.This report also examines future trends in research on hydrological process and eco-hydrological function in mountainous areas.     

Collection of intact sediment cores with overlying water to study nitrogen- and oxygen-dynamics in regions with seasonal hypoxia

Settled particles of fresh, labile organic matter may be a significant source of oxygen demand and nutrient regeneration in seasonally-hypoxic regions caused by nutrient inputs into stratified coastal zones. Studying the dynamics of this material requires sediment sampling methods that include flocculent organic materials and overlying water (OLW) at or above the sediment–water interface (SWI). A new coring device (“HYPOX” corer) was evaluated for examining nitrogen- (N) and oxygen-dynamics at the SWI and OLW in the northern Gulf of Mexico (NGOMEX). The HYPOX corer consists of a “Coring Head” with a check-valve, a weighted “Drive Unit,” and a “Lander,” constructed from inexpensive components. The corer collected undisturbed sediment cores and OLW from sediments at NGOMEX sampling sites with underlying substrates ranging from sand to dense clay. The HYPOX corer could be deployed in weather conditions similar to those needed for a multi-bottle rosette water-sampling system with 20 L bottles. As an example of corer applicability to NGOMEX issues, NH₄⁺ cycling rates were examined at hypoxic and control sites by isotope dilution experiments. The objective was to determine if N-dynamics in OLW were different from those in the water column. “Ammonium demand,” as reflected by potential NH₄⁺ uptake rates, was higher in OLW than in waters collected from a meter or more above the bottom at both sites, but the pattern was more pronounced at the hypoxia site. By contrast, NH₄⁺ regeneration rates were low in all samples. These preliminary results suggest that heterotrophic activity and oxygen consumption in OLW in the hypoxic region may be regulated by the availability of NH₄⁺, or other reduced N compounds, rather than by the lack of sufficient labile organic carbon.     

Downscaling Satellite Precipitation with Emphasis on Extremes: A Variational ℓ1-Norm Regularization in the Derivative Domain

The increasing availability of precipitation observations from space, e.g., from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) and the forthcoming Global Precipitation Measuring (GPM) Mission, has fueled renewed interest in developing frameworks for downscaling and multi-sensor data fusion that can handle large data sets in computationally efficient ways while optimally reproducing desired properties of the underlying rainfall fields. Of special interest is the reproduction of extreme precipitation intensities and gradients, as these are directly relevant to hazard prediction. In this paper, we present a new formalism for downscaling satellite precipitation observations, which explicitly allows for the preservation of some key geometrical and statistical properties of spatial precipitation. These include sharp intensity gradients (due to high-intensity regions embedded within lower-intensity areas), coherent spatial structures (due to regions of slowly varying rainfall), and thicker-than-Gaussian tails of precipitation gradients and intensities. Specifically, we pose the downscaling problem as a discrete inverse problem and solve it via a regularized variational approach (variational downscaling) where the regularization term is selected to impose the desired smoothness in the solution while allowing for some steep gradients (called ?₁-norm or total variation regularization). We demonstrate the duality between this geometrically inspired solution and its Bayesian statistical interpretation, which is equivalent to assuming a Laplace prior distribution for the precipitation intensities in the derivative (wavelet) space. When the observation operator is not known, we discuss the effect of its misspecification and explore a previously proposed dictionary-based sparse inverse downscaling methodology to indirectly learn the observation operator from a data base of coincidental high- and low-resolution observations. The proposed method and ideas are illustrated in case studies featuring the downscaling of a hurricane precipitation field.     

Spatial distribution of marine chemicals along a transect from Zhongshan Station to the Grove Mountain area,Eastern Antarctica

This study investigates the regional distribution of marine aerosol originated species(Na+, Cl-, nss-SO42- and MSA) in the snow pits(or firn cores) collected along a transect between Zhongshan Station and the Grove Mountain area(450 km inland) on the eastern side of the Lambert Glacier Basin. Concentrations of Na+ and Cl- decrease exponentially with distance from the coast to 100 km inland(i.e., 1500 m a.s.l.). Statistical results demonstrate that distance from the coast inland and elevation affect the concentration of sea-salt originated ions in inland areas significantly. Increase of Cl-/Na+ ratio and higher variability in its standard deviation suggest that there are other sources of ions in addition to sea-salt in inland areas of the Antarctic continent. The concentrations of Na+ and Cl- from nine sampling sites in the Grove Mountain area are relatively higher than those from sites along CHINARE transect, although all sites are at similar distance inland. This phenomenon indicates that the barrier effect of the mountain may be the most important factor influencing ion deposition. In addition, nss-SO42- and MSA vary differently, with nss-SO42- decreasing with distance more significantly. This implies that sources and transporting pathways influence the deposition of the two sulfur compounds considerably, being supported by the spatial pattern of correlation coefficients between the nss-SO42- and MSA.     

台风远距离影响下的大暴雨对流涡度矢量分析

利用常规观测资料、NCEP再分析资料、自动站资料和卫星云图资料,对2010年7月16-19日台风远距离影响下的川陕大暴雨天气过程从对流涡度矢量进行诊断分析.结果表明:高θε区位于西南涡偏南侧暖湿气流端,大暴雨区即位于此处;大暴雨中心等θε线随高度近于垂直分布,θε高值区呈“漏斗”状结构,从低层到对流层顶均为90％的相对湿度.东北—西南向的倾斜高空急流加强了急流入口区右侧的高层辐散,造成大暴雨区强而深厚的垂直上升运动.强降水中心低层为东南风,中层为西南风,高层为西北风,对流不稳定性很大;西风分量u在中层垂直切变较大,南风分量v在中高层垂直切变较大.大暴雨出现在对流涡度矢量(CVV)垂直分量和气柱云水量二者大值重合区.     

亚洲中部干旱区气候变化与丝路文明变迁研究:进展与问题

亚洲中部干旱区是对全球气候变化响应最为敏感的地区之一,也是水文变化剧烈和生态环境脆弱的地区。该地区包括了古丝绸之路的主体,在东西方交流和丝路文明兴衰历史中发挥了关键的作用。科学评估全球增温背景下亚洲中部干旱区人类社会可持续发展面临的风险,是广受关注的重大科学问题。东西方交流和丝路文明发展历史及其与气候环境变化关系的研究,可为认识该地区不同时间尺度人地关系演变的规律提供科学依据。通过总结东西方交流与丝路文明兴衰历史、亚洲中部干旱区全新世气候变化过程、多时间尺度气候一水文变化机制以及人与环境相互作用的过程与规律等领域的研究进展,提出目前亚洲中部干旱区全新世气候环境变化时空格局和丝路文明演化的过程,以及人与环境相互作用机制的研究存在明显不足。破解亚洲中部干旱区气候变化和文化演化研究区域不均衡问题,加强地学与考古学等多学科交叉研究,是推进气候变化与丝路文明变迁研究的有效途径。这对理解该地区人地关系演化规律、应对气候变化带来的挑战、服务国家“一带一路”倡议具有重要的科学价值和现实意义。     

长链烷基二醇在海洋环境重建中的研究进展

长链烷基二醇类化合物(Long-chain alkyl diols)是指在碳链的1号位置和链中位置连接有羟基基团的类脂化合物,普遍存在于海洋、河流和湖泊环境中。由于这类化合物分布广泛、性质稳定不易降解、且检测手段较为简单,因此具有作为生物标志物的潜力,在生物地球化学领域引起了广泛的研究和关注。关于其生物来源尚未有定论,但是研究发现1,13-diols和1,15-diols可能主要来自真眼点藻,而14-diols主要来自硅藻Proboscia。目前根据长链烷基二醇建立的指标包括:硅藻生产力、上升流强度、盐度、温度、河流输入和表层海水营养盐浓度等,对古环境气候的重建有着重要的意义。归纳总结了目前长链烷基二醇指标的研究和应用进展,这有助于未来我国边缘海长链烷基二醇来源以及二醇指标的深入研究。     

晚冰期以来青藏高原降水序列集成重建

选取青藏高原36条(34个地点)由孢粉已重建的降水序列(8条)和化石孢粉谱(28条),分别采用直接提取和现代类比法获得1852个具有年代的定量降水数据,以高原4个分区为单位,建立青藏高原晚冰期以来古降水数据集。构建分区古降水空间模拟-多区面积加权的集成方法,即借助GIS分析,基于现代高原降水空间分布的地理因子模拟,集成重建晚冰期以来高原古降水序列。结果表明:16~12 ka B.P.,高原总体降水量较少,其中16 ka B.P.不到200 mm,约为现代降水量的一半,15~13 ka B.P.后降水显著增长,较前期上升70 mm;13~12 ka B.P.,又跌至220 mm,较现代低100 mm。进入全新世后,降水量迅速增长,降水在全新世早期的9.2~8.7 ka B.P.即达到最大值,高出现代70 mm,9.2~5.0 ka B.P.为全新世湿润期,平均高出现代50 mm;5 ka B.P.之后,降水波动较小,与现代基本持平。集成降水与其他高低分辨率环境记录有很好的可比性,说明集成序列有很好的代表性和一定的准确性。此外,高原降水变化区域差异明显,全新世最大降水呈现出西早东晚,西南季风(ISM)区早于东南季风(EASM)区的特点,高原西部和南部全新世早期9 ka B.P.左右即达极大值,而高原东缘迟至全新世中期的8.0~7.5 ka B.P.;降水增加最为明显的是高原西北部,最盛期降水约高出为现代的1倍,高原东部和南部现季风控制区域,只比现代高出0.2倍。     

季风与西风对青藏高原全新世气候变化的影响:同位素证据

青藏高原气候变化在冰期-间冰期、千年、十年际和季节尺度上受亚洲季风和西风环流的交互影响,表现出显著的区域性特征。然而全新世以来青藏高原气候变化的机制还不甚清楚,主要原因之一是缺少指示意义明确的古气候代用指标。课题组近年来利用叶蜡氢同位素(δDwax)重建了高原东北部的青海湖、中北部的令戈错、中部的达则错、西部的班公错和阿翁错不同时间尺度的大气降水同位素记录,本文对上述工作进行总结,并结合青藏高原全新世以来已发表的其他地点的同位素和古水文记录,揭示全新世以来季风与西风对青藏高原不同区域气候变化的影响。结果表明:1)早全新世青海湖、令戈错、班公错和阿翁错4个湖泊均主要受夏季风影响,夏季风可以影响到青藏高原的大部分地区,此时夏季风在青藏高原的最北界限可能位于青海湖以北、克鲁克湖以南。2)中全新世青海湖、班公错和阿翁错受夏季风影响逐渐减弱;然而令戈错在7.0~4.5 ka水汽主要来源于西风环流。3)晚全新世青海湖和班公错受季风的影响进一步减弱;西风在3.5~1.7 ka和2.0~1.0 ka分别影响到高原中部的令戈错和达则错;晚全新世阿翁错受冰川融水补给影响降水同位素异常偏负。4)本研究表明在中晚全新世季风较弱的时期,西风能够深入到青藏高原内部地区,给高原内部地区带来冷湿的水汽。