基于“模拟实验”落实高中生地理实践力素养的培养与评价--以人教版高中《地理》必修1为例

模拟实验作为地理实践力的主要组成要素之一,在培养高中生求知探索品质、活用所学地理知识、锻炼动手能力等方面具有独特作用。本文结合新课标、校情、学情,划分了地理模拟实验的实践力表现水平层次,以人教版高中《地理》必修1中的热力环流、洋流、火山这三个有代表性的知识点为题材,进行校本化的模拟实验、水平划分和量化测评,实现地理实践力素养培养和评价的落地。     

中国煤型气区的构造环境、典型气藏及勘探方向Ⅰ——上古生界煤型气

主要论述以上古生界为烃源岩的典型煤型气藏的地球化学特征、形成时的构造环境与气藏类型及找气前景。华北聚煤区为最有利地区,并总结出煤型气藏形成的２种构造环境和４种成藏类型：裂谷活动构造环境中的古潜山自生自储型（苏桥型）、古生新储型（文留型）和克拉通稳定构造环境中的复合型（鄂尔多斯型）及自生自储型。前述４种气藏类型应为今后该区煤型气勘探的主要类型。此外,还对上述两种构造环境中的煤层气问题进行了扼要讨论。     

皖南地区谭山复式岩体的成因研究

谭山复式岩体位于江南过渡带北缘,是该区出露面积较大的复式岩体。本文对谭山复式岩体开展了地质调查、岩浆岩锆石U-Pb年代学和全岩地球化学分析。地质特征显示谭山复式岩体沿杨美桥背斜轴部侵入,根据岩性分析划分为碱长花岗岩、正长花岗岩和二长花岗岩。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年结果显示,碱长花岗岩和正长花岗岩分别为128.9±1.6 Ma～128.8±2.5 Ma和129.8±2.6 Ma～129.2±1.8 Ma;结合前人已获得二长花岗岩成岩时代（128.5±1.7 Ma～126.7±1.7 Ma）,谭山复式岩体形成于128.9±1.6 Ma～126.7±1.7 Ma之间,对应于皖南地区燕山期 3阶段岩浆活动（早阶段：153～146 Ma,中阶段：143～136 Ma,晚阶段：135～121 Ma）的最晚阶段（135～121 Ma）。该复式岩体碱长花岗岩、正长花岗岩和二长花岗岩的地球化学特征均表现为：富碱,高Ga/Al比值,强烈亏损Ba、Sr、P、Ti,富集 Rb、Th、Nd、Ce,显著的Eu负异常,均为碱性过铝质特征的A型花岗岩。谭山复式岩体起源于下地壳物质部分熔融,为陆内拉张环境背景下同源岩浆多期次上升侵位的产物。     

Prediction of tropical cyclone frequency with a wavelet neural network model incorporating natural orthogonal expansion and combined weights

A nonlinear wavelet neural network (WNN) model with natural orthogonal expansion (NOE) and combined weights is constructed to predict the annual frequency of tropical cyclones (TCF) occurring over the coastal regions of Southern China. Combined weights are obtained by calculating categorical weights, based on the particle swarm projection pursuit, and ranking weights, based on fuzzy mathematics, followed by optimization. The global monthly mean heights at 500?hPa and sea-surface temperature fields are used as two predictors. The linear and nonlinear information of the predictors with reduced dimensions is gathered through the NOE and combined weights, respectively, and treated as the input into the WNN model. This model is first trained with the 55-year (i.e., 1950?C2004) TCF data and then used to predict annual TCFs for the subsequent 5?years (i.e., 2005?C2009). Results show that the mean absolute and relative errors are 0.6175 and 9.34?%, respectively. The impacts of the combined weights, NOE and WNN as well as the traditional multi-regression approach on the TCF prediction are examined. Results show superior performance of the WNN-based model in the annual TCF prediction.     

粤东塌山含锡花岗斑岩原生铝质矿物特征和成因

粤东塌山含锡花岗斑岩以岩脉产出，侵位年龄１３８Ｍａ，含不等数量的原生铝质矿物，如红柱石、铁铝榴石、铁叶云母和白云母等。根据产出特征，红柱石被区分为两个世代，石榴子石分为三个结晶时期。结合全岩为过铝质（Ａ／ＮＫＣ＝１．２３４），高的Ｋ２Ｏ／Ｎａ２Ｏ（２．１５）、Ｒｂ／Ｓｒ（３．１０）、Ｋ／Ｒｂ（２１５）比和ＩＳｒ值（０．７１３１），低的εＮｄ（Ｔ）值（－７．４）和长石铅同位素组成相似于造山带铅演化模     

青海东昆仑肯德可克金-有色金属矿床矿物特征研究

肯德可克贵金属-有色金属矿床有多种元素达到工业要求，矿物组成复杂，本文在详细的光、薄片鉴定和电子探针分析的基础上，分析研究了该矿床的矿物组成特征，并根据成矿地质特征、矿物组合特点和矿物间的穿插关系，划分了成矿期次，进而确定该矿床为-多期成矿作用叠加的叠生型金-有色金属矿床。     

西昌盆地上三叠统白果湾组富有机质泥页岩沉积岩相古地理与孔隙特征

海陆过渡相富有机质泥页岩是页岩气勘查开发的重要领域。本文以西昌盆地上三叠统白果湾组富有机质泥页岩为研究对象,对研究区内富有机质泥页岩的沉积岩相古地理特征、微观孔隙类型、孔隙结构特征进行研究。白果湾组富有机质泥页岩段沉积相主要为湖泊相、三角洲相、河流相。发育不同类型的微孔隙,孔隙主要以小孔为主,微孔次之,平均孔径分布在5.56~56.89nm之间,比表面积平均为9.44m²/g,总孔体积平均为0.0187cm³/g。页岩气主要形成于滨浅湖亚相及半深湖亚相中,并主要吸附于富有机质泥页岩的小孔、微孔内;西昌盆地白果湾组富有机质泥页岩储集空间较好,具有良好的勘探潜力。     

Discussion on the dynamic mechanism of Great North China area based on the observed stress data

Introduction The Great North China, located at longitude 106E to 124E and latitude 31N to 42N, in-cludes three secondary active tectonic blocks, Ordos, Yanshan and North China plain (Figure 1). The geological tectonics of these three secondary blocks is much different from each other. As a stable block with high rigidity, the Ordos block is mostly surrounded by down-faulted basins with an inactive interior since Cenozoic, although the fault zones along its boundary are strongly active wi…     

赤峰撰山子花岗岩年代学、地球化学特征及其成岩动力学背景

撰山子角闪二长花岗岩位于华北克拉通与兴蒙造山带结合部位的中生代构造岩浆活动带,对其开展了主量元素、稀土和微量元素分析以及LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年等工作,目的在于精确厘定岩体的形成时代和研究其形成的动力学背景。结果表明：花岗岩的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb谐和年龄为（245.8±3.1）Ma（MSWD=3.7,n=17）,属早三叠世。岩石地球化学成分特征显示为,其具有高硅（w（SiO₂）=71.68%~72.85%）、富碱（w（Na₂O+K₂O）=8.98%~9.20%）、高铝（w（Al₂O₃）=13.45%~13.77%）、低钙（w（CaO）=0.81%~0.99%）及低TFeO/MgO值（平均值为6.55）的特征,属高钾钙碱性、高分异I型弱铝质花岗岩;稀土配分曲线呈现向右倾斜的配分模式,Eu具有明显的亏损（δEu=0.66~0.68）,表明斜长石发生了明显的分离结晶作用;在微量元素原始地幔标准化图谱上呈现清晰的Th、U、La、P富集,Ba、Nb、Ti、Sr、Ta等相对亏损的特征。综合分析认为,撰山子角闪二长花岗岩主要形成于下地壳部分熔融作用,可能有少量的地幔组分加入,其形成于华北板块和西伯利亚板块最终拼合后的后碰撞/后造山伸展作用构造环境。     

Comparing data-driven landslide susceptibility models based on participatory landslide inventory mapping in Purwosari area,Yogyakarta, Java

There are different approaches and techniques for landslide susceptibility mapping. However, no agreement has been reached in both the procedure and the use of specific controlling factors employed in the landslide susceptibility mapping. Each model has its own assumption, and the result may differ from place to place. Different landslide controlling factors and the completeness of landslide inventory may also affect the different result. Incomplete landslide inventory may produce significance error in the interpretation of the relationship between landslide and controlling factor. Comparing landslide susceptibility models using complete inventory is essential in order to identify the most realistic landslide susceptibility approach applied typically in the tropical region Indonesia. Purwosari area, Java, which has total 182 landslides occurred from 1979 to 2011, was selected as study area to evaluate three data-driven landslide susceptibility models, i.e., weight of evidence, logistic regression, and artificial neural network. Landslide in the study area is usually affected by rainfall and anthropogenic activities. The landslide typology consists of shallow translational and rotational slide. The elevation, slope, aspect, plan curvature, profile curvature, stream power index, topographic wetness index, distance to river, land use, and distance to road were selected as landslide controlling factors for the analysis. Considering the accuracy and the precision evaluations, the weight of evidence represents considerably the most realistic prediction capacities (79%) when comparing with the logistic regression (72%) and artificial neural network (71%). The linear model shows more powerful result than the nonlinear models because it fits to the area where complete landslide inventory is available, the landscape is not varied, and the occurence of landslide is evenly distributed to the class of controlling factor.