栾川“7·24”暴雨泥石流启动模式分类

2010年7月河南省栾川县连续降雨达半月之久,24日又突降大暴雨,导致县境内暴发区域性泥石流(简称“7·24”暴雨泥石流),全县14个乡镇普遍受灾,死亡68人、失踪21人,直接经济损失约19.8亿元.为给当地政府提供合理的泥石流防治建议,对栾川县“7·24”暴雨泥石流中31个灾害点进行了野外调查并进行了工程地质分析.调查发现,此次栾川县暴雨泥石流类型丰富,泥流、泥石流及水石流均有发育;地貌上看,泥石流多属于坡面型,水石流基本上为沟谷型.同时,因栾川县采矿业发达,矿渣型泥石流发育十分典型,且大多为尾矿坝溃决所致.鉴于栾川“7·24”暴雨泥石流范围大、类型多的特点,若按规范分类则很难提供针对性的泥石流防治建议,而若按启动模式分类则能在防治建议中对症下药.因此结合前人研究成果和此次调查分析结论,按启动模式将栾川县泥石流划分为7种类型,分别为:沟道拖拽-溃决型、沟道冲切-崩滑型、冲击液化型、坡面崩滑型、坡面冲刷-沟道启动型、尾矿溃决型及其复合型.同时,对7种类型中典型泥石流点的启动模式进行了详细分析.     

黄河三角洲大汶流自然保护区的土地利用与岸线变化分析

本文选择黄河三角洲大汶流自然保护区为研究对象,以多时相遥感影像,对土地利用类型进行解译分析。同时,以平均低潮线作为分析基线,提取海岸线变化信息。结果表明:1996-2009年研究区面积净增13.35km2。各种土地利用类型中滩涂所占面积最大,养殖池所占比例最小,但增幅明显。芦苇地面积后期增长迅速,指示研究区生态环境趋向转好。自然因素(黄河来水来沙量)和人类活动(黄河调水调沙工程,湿地恢复工程,滩涂规模开发以及人类开垦造田)是研究区土地利用类型变化的直接驱动力。1976-2009年研究区海岸净造陆面积217.14km2,沙嘴变幅为29.2km。黄河入海水沙量和滨海区的海洋潮流条件共同影响着海岸线的变迁。     

不同碳氮比对辽河口湿地总氮去除的影响

于2010年5月～10月采用现场模拟培养法探讨了辽河口芦苇湿地沉积物中的总氮去除效果,并分析了不同梯度C/N比(5∶1、10∶1、15∶1)对沉积物中总氮去除效果的影响。结果表明:在自然状态下,有植被芦苇湿地总氮去除率比无植被湿地高;当施加C/N因素后可以提高沉积物中总氮去除率,C/N比对裸滩湿地中氮的去除效果比芦苇湿地明显;在有植被芦苇湿地中C/N比为10时总氮去除率最高,而在无植被湿地中C/N比值为15时总氮去除率最高;8月份各实验组中总氮去除率最高。影响辽河口湿地沉积物脱氮效果主要环境因子还有温度、盐度、含水率和pH等。     

Modelling the impacts of environmental changes on hydrological regimes in the Hei River Watershed, China

This study aimed to disclose impacts of environment changes on hydrologic regimes in the Hei River Watershed, Shaanxi Province in China. We investigated the effects of the man-made landscape (Jingpen Reservoir) on the rainstorm–flood processes using a proposed Kinematic Wave model, simulated impacts of land use and cover changes on surface runoff generation and river flow characteristics at monthly, seasonal, and annual scales through designed scenarios of different combinations of land use and cover and climate conditions on basis of the SWAT model, evaluated the climate change and human activities effects on water balance from 1954 to 2001. Through these investigations, the following results were achieved. Firstly, it showed that the man-made landscape (the Jingpen Reservoir) had altered the rainstorm–flood process, the flood wave damped right after it flowed out the Jingpen Reservoir. Secondly, changes of land use and cover led to river flow redistribution, soil moisture and recharge fluctuations. Evapotranspiration increased 12.9%, river flow discharge decreased 17.7%, runoff generation process accelerated 1.31 times in 2000 than in 1986, and water resources of the total watershed decreased 7.7% in 2000 compared to the land use and cover scenario in 1986. Finally, the interaction between climate change and human activities led to the total water resource decreased by 10.6% in 2000 compared to that in 1986 in the Hei River Watershed.     

新一代天气雷达（CINRAD/CD）几种故障分析和排除过程

根据使用CINRAD／CD新一代天气雷达过程中发现的雷达设备硬件和软件故障及维修实践,分析了发射系统人工线故障、雷达系统监控软件在网络正常运行情况下上传监控信息丢失字节、雷达回波同周围雷达相比回波强度存在明显误差及接收系统电源故障等问题的原因,并提出了快速准确的解决方法。     

Hydrocarbon source systems and formation of gas fields in Sichuan Basin

The formation of large and middle gas fields in Sichuan Basin is investigated based on source wntrolling theory and hydrocarbon source systems. It is indicated that Є₁, S_l, P₁, P₂ and T₃ are the main source beds and Є₁/Z₂ d, C₂ h/S₁, P₁/P₂, P₂ ch/P₂, T_1,2/P,T3 x /T3 x are important hydrocarbon source systems in the basin. All these source systems are the prospective formations and exploration spaces of large and middle gas fields. It is also emphasized that hydrocarbon generation intensity is the most important geochemical factor to estimate large and middle gas fields. Project supported by the “85–102” Chinese National Key Science and Technology Project.     

Late Quaternary strata and carbon burial records in the Yellow River delta,China

Sediment carbon sequestration plays an essential role in mitigating atmospheric CO2 increases and the subsequently global greenhouse effect. To clarify the late Quaternary strata and carbon burial records in Yellow River delta(YRD), detailed analysis of benthic foraminifera, total carbon(TC), organic carbon(Corg), sedimentary characteristics and moisture contents of sediments, was performed on core ZK3, 30.3 m in length and obtained from YRD in 2007. Eight depositional units(designated U1-U8 in ascending order) were identified. A comprehensive analysis method of historical geography and sedimentary geology was used to determine the precise depositional ages of the modern Yellow River delta(MYRD), from which pre-MYRD ages were deduced. The results indicates that the maximum burial rates of TC, inorganic carbon(IC) and Corg occurred in the delta front(U5), and the minimum in the shallow sea(U3). Remarkable high sedimentation rates in the MYRD are responsible for burial efficiency of carbon, with an average rate of Corg burial reaching 2087±251 g(m2 yr)-1, and that of IC reaching 13741±808 g(m2 yr)-1, which are much higher than those of other regions with high contents of Corg. Therefore, YRD has a significant burial efficiency for carbon sequestration.     

环渤海湿地沉积物球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白分布特征及其对湿地土壤风化的影响

【研究目的】球囊霉素作为丛枝菌根真菌（AMF）分泌的一种难降解土壤蛋白,广泛分布于陆地生态系统中,是长期碳贮的重要组成。当前鲜有研究涉及其在滨海湿地中的分布。基于此,本文对中国环渤海主要滨海湿地表层沉积物中球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白（GRSP）的空间分布进行表征,探讨不同湿地生境下GRSP分布及其对沉积物风化的指示意义。【研究方法】本文选取辽河三角洲、北大港和黄河三角洲湿地作为研究区,对166个表层样（0~5 cm）和4个柱状样（0~35 cm）的GRSP、粒度以及常量元素进行测定,并计算化学蚀变系数（CIA）。【研究结果】研究区GRSP在空间上的动态变化受植被类型影响显著,范围在0.06~11.31 mg/g,均值为（2.35±0.16） mg/g;沉积物以粉砂质砂和砂为主,CIA值分布范围为44.79~69.59,部分区域达到中等化学风化;CIA与GRSP呈显著相关（R=~0.49,p<0.01）,总体上CIA随GRSP的增加呈现先增加后减少的趋势。【结论】GRSP在滨海湿地沉积物中的分布受到生境差异性的影响,其与CIA的相关性表征AMF及其代谢产物在地质体风化过程中发挥了潜在的生态功能。创新点：揭示了球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白与地质过程的互馈作用;阐明了丛枝菌根真菌潜在的生态功能。     

保护红线的基建占用湿地管理创新

建立占补平衡、先补后占的湿票制度,解决基建占用湿地问题。湿地红线涉及面积、生态量与结构的占补平衡。结构占补平衡包括流域、位置、功能、效益的一致性。湿票制度由湿地管理部门主导,使罚款发挥最大效益。湿票的净生态价值很大,是所减少的生态量损失的价值,与罚款的生态价值的差值。罚款的较低生态价值凸显了湿票的价值。试点有区别的占少补多战略;建立生态补偿基金,重视补偿湿地的生态培育。生态收益高于制度成本,使湿地管理部门有动力建立湿票制度。将非法占用或非法减少的湿地的基建主体纳入占补平衡制度;用5 a时间,将合法减少的湿地的基建主体纳入占补平衡。强化湿地领域的专家在占、补湿地功能、效益匹配中的地位。     

辽河三角洲滨海湿地生态修复工程

在人类活动和全球变化的双重影响下,我国滨海湿地生态环境屡遭破坏,退化面积不断扩大,生态服务功能下降,面临的形势相当严峻。近年来,国内外学者针对退化中的滨海湿地开展了大量湿地生态环境修复和保护方面的研究与实践工作,积累了一定的修复经验和实践技术。以辽河三角洲滨海湿地为实践案例,分析了湿地退化成因,介绍了正在开展的生态修复工程的主要思路和技术路线,指出了其经济价值、存在的难点和有待解决的问题,并对今后滨海湿地修复工作发展趋势进行了展望。