利用ERS-2 SAR图像纹理分析方法揭示长白山天池火山近代喷发物空间分布特征

简单介绍了SAR图像的纹理特征以及正交小波变换纹理提取方法。论述了SAR图像的纹理特征参与分类的重要性。以长白山天池火山为例,通过对ERS2SAR图像进行纹理分析,提取了SAR图像两个层次的尺度变化、时频局部化和方向性纹理特征。并将SAR纹理特征与TM图像及DEM进行复合,利用多源信息各自的优势,进行了BP神经元网络分类,从较大范围对长白山天池火山735±15aB.P.大喷发的喷发物空间分布进行评价。获取了长白山天池火山近代喷发物的空间分布及规模。这对长白山天池火山未来喷发危险性初步评价、火山地质制图及火山灾害预测有重要意义。     

鄂西岩溶槽谷区洼地的水位响应特征及产流阈值估算

以湖北省兴山县黄粮镇刘家坝和龙湾两处岩溶洼地作为研究对象,利用其降雨、水文和土壤水等监测数据,探讨灌入式补给条件下洼地汇流的水位响应特征和产流特点,并基于降雨量和洼地内明渠流量的关系,采用数学拟合方程,估算两处洼地的降雨产流阈值,进而分析了影响产流阈值的因素。结果表明：降雨强度增大,产流阈值减小;土壤前期含水率越大,越有利于坡面产流;落水洞和岩溶泉水位与降雨有较好的同步响应关系,水位变化曲线随雨强大小分别表现出“陡升陡降”和“缓升缓降”的特点;刘家坝和龙湾洼地的产流阈值分别为7.4 mm和10.6 mm。     

动载作用下混凝土细观损伤的CT图像分割和灰度共生矩阵特征值研究

动载作用下混凝土随应力变化的系列CT图像完整地记录了混凝土内部破损过程,在CT图像中能直接观察到细观裂纹时混凝土往往已发生宏观破坏,挖掘混凝土材料损伤的细观信息是混凝土细观力学分析的核心。本文基于混凝土单轴动态压缩CT试验,获得不同应力阶段的横断面CT图像,分别应用图像分割技术和灰度共生矩阵法提取孔隙率和4个特征值,研究孔隙率和4个特征值随应力的变化规律。结果表明孔隙率随应力的增加显示出单调增加的总趋势,个别部位在应力水平较小时孔隙率随应力增加变化不大,反映出混凝土的压密效应。受压密效应影响,对比度在低应力水平时随应力增加有升有降,能量对应力变化不够敏感,相关性和同质性随应力的增加单调增加,对应力变化较为敏感,能反映混凝土整体损伤过程。对混凝土CT图像进行分区后再研究孔隙率、同质性和相关性随应力的变化,可以更好地反映动载作用下混凝土的细观损伤过程。     

基于相控的振幅补偿法在渤海B油田储层预测中的应用

渤海B油田主要目的层为东营组,与上覆馆陶组底部相距50~80 m。馆陶组底部发育1套或多套高速高密砾岩,局限分布,致能量损失,使下伏储层的地震响应变弱,严重影响着储层真实范围的识别。为此,本文首先从地震波传播理论出发,分析砾岩致能量的反射与透射损失效应。其次基于正演模拟,分析砾岩致能量损失程度,相同的累积厚度,砾岩的层数越多,损失越大;据正演模拟结果及井震结合,描述3种地震相即单套砾岩、多套砾岩、无砾岩的平面展布形态,再结合地震属性定量分析储层能量损失程度的平面分布范围。然后提取不同地震相的能量补偿因子,提出基于相控的能量补偿法进行相应的振幅补偿,即单套砾岩造成的能量损失主要进行反射系数补偿,对多套砾岩造成的能量损失主要进行多次透射系数的补偿。最后定量消除上覆馆陶组砾岩对下伏东营组储层的能量屏蔽影响,刻画出储层的真实平面范围,并获得钻井成功,充分证明了本次研究的有效性,并实现精确预测潜力区域。     

地震安全性评价制度改革的问题与展望

地震安全性评价制度是地震灾害预防制度的重要组成部分,自中华人民共和国成立之初演化发展至20世纪90年代基本成形,并纳入《中华人民共和国防震减灾法》。在深化“放管服”改革中,国务院先后取消了地震安全性评价资质许可和结果审定的行政审批事项,提出施行区域评估。在建立新制度过程中,面临着审批部门须承担委托开展地震安全性评价责任、区域性地震安全性评价与地震小区划及地震区划同质化、地震安全性评价结果质量监管困难、重大建设工程“应评未评”“评而未用”等问题。本文在分析地震安全性评价制度历史变迁、改革现状的基础上,提出地震安全性评价制度改革的展望,以期为地震安全性评价制度改革和《中华人民共和国防震减灾法》《地震安全性评价管理条例》修订提供参考。     

The effect of conservation practices in sloped croplands on soil hydraulic properties and root‐zone moisture dynamics

Rain‐induced erosion and short‐term drought are the two factors that limit the productivity of croplands in the red soil region of subtropical China. The objective of this study was to estimate the effects of conservation practices on hydraulic properties and root‐zone water dynamics of the soil. A 3‐year experiment was performed on a slope at Xianning. Four treatments were evaluated for their ability to reduce soil erosion and improve soil water conditions. Compared with no practices (CK) and living grass strips (GS), the application of polyacrylamide (PAM) significantly reduced soil crust formation during intense rainfall, whereas rice straw mulching (SM) completely abolished soil crust formation. The SM and PAM treatments improved soil water‐stable aggregates, with a redistribution of micro‐aggregates into macro‐aggregates. PAM and SM significantly increased the soil water‐holding capacity. These practices mitigated the degradation of the soil saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) during intense rainfalls. These methods increased soil water storage but with limited effects during heavy rainfalls in the wet period. In contrast, during the dry period, SM had the highest soil water storage, followed by PAM and CK. Grass strips had the lowest soil water storage because of the water uptake during the vigorous grass growth. A slight decline in the soil moisture resulted in a significant decrease in the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity (Ku) of the topsoil. Therefore, the hydraulic conductivity in the field is governed by soil moisture, and the remaining soil moisture is more important than improving soil properties to resist short‐term droughts. As a result, SM is the most effective management practice when compared with PAM and GS, although they all protect the soil hydraulic properties during wet periods. These results suggest that mulching is the best strategy for water management in erosion‐threatened and drought‐threatened red soils. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.