中国古生教授学会微体古生物学分会举行代表大会和学术年会

中国古生教授学会微体古生物学分会举行代表大会和学术年会中国古竽物学会微体古物学分会第五次会员代表大分暨第六次不术年会于１９９６年１月２４日到３０日在福州市召开。来自全国地质、石油、煤炭的和产、科研和大学的１００多位代表参加了这次大会和学术研讨。大会共...     

基于改进近似模型的水下鱼雷打靶快速预报方法

鱼雷打靶试验对评价武器系统对目标的打击性能具有重要意义。水动力参数是模拟鱼雷水下运动轨迹、预报鱼雷打靶落点的关键参数。随着现代CFD技术的发展,采用数值方法获取水动力参数,提高了轨迹预报精度,但计算效率不高,不利于多工况下鱼雷打靶预报。首先,基于刚体动量和动量矩定理建立了鱼雷的水下运动方程组,运用4阶龙格–库塔（Runge-Kuta）法对运动方程组进行数值求解,对鱼雷水下轨迹进行模拟,从而获取鱼雷打靶性能。其次,提出了基于遗传算法的近似模型（GA-BP）和自适应遗传算法优化的近似模型（AGA-BP）模拟鱼雷水下打靶落点,对鱼雷打靶性能进行快速预报。通过仿真和数据对比,结果表明：AGA-BP预测模型相对于BP预测模型更稳定、GA-BP预测模型收敛速度更快,实现对鱼雷水下打靶快速预报。     

数值天气预报和气候预测的集合预报方法:思考与展望

从初始误差、模式误差以及两者综合影响的角度,综述了天气、气候集合预报方法的研究进展,指出了传统方法的优势,同时也评论了这些方法的局限性,提出了对未来先进集合预报方法的一些思考,以及需要解决的挑战性问题和可能的应用。     

From highly polluted inland city of China to “Lanzhou Blue”: The air-pollution characteristics

Air quality was improved considerably and the so-called "Lanzhou Blue" appeared frequently in Lanzhou due to implementation of some strict emission-control measures in recent years. To better understand whether the concentration of each air pollutant had decreased significantly and then give some suggestions as to urban air-quality improvement in the near future, the variations of the Air Quality Index (AQI) and six criterion air pollutants (PM_2.5, PM₁₀, CO, SO₂, NO₂, and O₃) at five state-controlled monitoring sites of Lanzhou were studied from 2013 to 2016. The AQI, PM_2.5, PM₁₀, and SO₂ gradually decreased from 2013 to 2016, while CO and NO₂ concentrations had slightly increasing trends, especially in urban areas, due to the large number of motor vehicles, which had an annual growth rate of 30.87%. The variations of the air pollutants in the no-domestic-heating season were more significant than those in the domestic-heating season. The increase of ozone concentration for the domestic-heating season at a background station was the most significant among the five monitoring sites. The vehicle-exhaust and ozone pollution was increasingly severe with the rapid increase in the number of motor vehicles. The particulate-matter pollution became slight in the formerly highly polluted Lanzhou City. Some synergetic measures in urban and rural areas of Lanzhou should be taken by the local government in the near future to control fine particulate-matter (PM_2.5) and ozone pollution.     

济南泉域地下水位动态及其对降水响应的交叉小波分析

利用1988--2009年济南泉域8个地下水位动态观测点不同时段观测资料及1998-2009年降水数据,采用连续小波变换、交叉小波变换方法对济南泉域地下水位动态的多时间尺度特征、相互关系及其对降水的响应进行了分析。结果表明：①济南泉域地下水位动态存在显著的0．82～1．16a的主振荡周期,低频部分仅在部分年份存在1．95～3．09a的振荡周期;②含水岩组富水性对地下水位动态存在影响,研究区主径流方向上弱富水性地段地下水位动态时滞较强富水性地段长,强富水性地段4个观测孔地下水位波动时序基本一致;③地下水位动态对降水的响应滞后明显,为73．06～134．42d,总体表现为地下水径流路径越长,响应越滞后;④基于地下水位动态与基于降水～地下水位动态交叉小波变换得到的观测点对水位动态的滞后时间多数一致,同一径流路径上局部点对滞后时间之和与全局点对有很好的对应关系。交叉小波分析可定量评价泉域地下水位动态及其与降水的相关关系。     

若尔盖铀矿田方解石稀土元素与碳氧同位素地球化学特征及其意义

方解石是若尔盖铀矿田与成矿最为密切的脉石矿物之一。方解石的REE地球化学特征研究表明,产于地层中的方解石、矿区中的方解石和含矿方解石具有明显不同的稀土元素组成特征,分别具有轻稀土富集右倾型、重稀土富集左倾型和相对平坦型的3种稀土配分模式。其中产于地层中的方解石明显继承了地层中岩石的稀土元素特征,而含矿方解石表现出与矿石稀土元素相似的特征。碳氧同位素显示地层中的方解石为海洋沉积碳酸盐岩的碳氧同位素组成特征;矿区方解石脉、含矿方解石脉的碳同位素组成明显表现为地幔来源的特点;而矿区方解石脉的氧同位素组成具明显的深部来源特征,含矿方解石脉的氧同位素组成表明在成矿过程中有大气降水的混入。若尔盖铀矿田的方解石主要为热液成因,其矿床成因类型属于典型的热液矿床,成矿流体主要来源于地幔。     

区域趋势控制协变量回归分析效果评估方法研究

本文根据区域趋势控制和气象－物理协变量相关设计了三套非随机化人工增雨作业效果评估方案，个例作用区域趋势对比双比分析评估方案，区域趋势相关回归分析评估方案和气象－物理协变量多元回归分析评估方案，对河南省实例评估计算表明，利用物理协变量作为控制因子，可以提高作业区自然水量估计值的准确度，从而能提高随机化作业的效果评估效率。     

Temporal variation of soil erosion resistance on sloping farmland during the growth stages of maize (Zea mays L.)

Maize growth has great effects on soil properties and thus likely induces the changes in soil erosion resistance on sloping farmland. However, temporal variation of soil erosion resistance during the growth stages of maize is still unclear in the mountainous yellow soil area where maize is the dominant crop. In this study, four maize plots (MP) and four bare land plots (CK) were conducted to investigate soil erosion resistance, and multiple indicators of soil erosion resistance were measured including the total soil anti-scourability (TAS), mean weight diameter (MWD), soil erodibility K factor and soil shear strength (SH). A comprehensive soil erosion resistance index (CSERI) was employed to quantify the temporal variation of soil erosion resistance during the growth stages of maize (seedling stage, SS; jointing stage, JS; tasselling stage, TS; maturing stage, MS). The results showed that TAS, MWD, SH increased significantly with maize growth and SH decreased when at MS. But K factor decreased significantly over time. CSERI increased significantly during the growth stages of maize and the CSERI of JS, TS, MS increased on average by 74.72, 180.68 and 234.57% than that of SS. Compared to CK, CSERI of MP increased by 49.90, 66.82, 55.60 and 38.61% during the growth stages of maize. The temporal variation of soil erosion resistance was closely related to the changes in maize cover, maize roots and soil organic carbon. The findings demonstrated that it is necessary to consider the temporal variation of soil erosion resistance in the mountainous yellow soil area.     

瞬变电磁晚期场资料的一维反演

本文研讨了由垂直磁偶源和水平电偶源所激发的瞬变电磁晚期场的垂直磁场时间偏导数及其视电阻率的性态特征。探讨了其一维反演的某些问题，研制出了对该时间域电磁响应函数的一维实用化反演程序，表明具有较好的使用效果。     

2000—2015年中国高学历人才分布格局及其影响机制

基于2000年、2010年中国人口普查分地级及以上行政区数据和2015年中国各省份1%人口抽样调查数据,采用变异系数、泰尔系数、基尼系数测度中国高学历人才比重分布的空间不均衡程度,并采用面板数据Tobit随机效应模型,识别影响高学历人才比重空间分布的主要因素。结果表明:①中国的人才比重分布表现出极大的不均衡性,人才比重的高低与城市等级密切相关,主要表现在直辖市、省会城市、计划单列市等行政区吸引了大量人才,而普通地级城市人才比重相对较低;②10 a间人才比重的变异系数、基尼指数和泰尔指数均有所下降,表明人才比重分布的空间不均衡程度有所下降;③平均工资水平、生活成本、城市等级、每万人高校在校学生数、每万人医院卫生院床位数、人均科学事业、教育事业经费与人才比重呈正相关,中学生师比、万人互联网用户数与人才比重呈负相关,失业率、单位面积二氧化硫排放量、绿地率对人才比重没有影响。